{"id":585,"date":"2025-08-12T15:01:55","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T15:01:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=585"},"modified":"2026-03-03T16:16:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T16:16:32","slug":"procedure-7","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/chapter\/procedure-7\/","title":{"raw":"Laboratory Preparation &amp; Procedure","rendered":"Laboratory Preparation &amp; Procedure"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Materials:<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>24-well plate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>glass stirring rod<\/li>\r\n \t<li>150-mL beaker<\/li>\r\n \t<li>deionized water<\/li>\r\n \t<li>paper towels<\/li>\r\n \t<li>transfer pipettes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M AgNO\u2083<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Zn(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Pb(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Fe(NO\u2083)\u2083<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M NaNO\u2083<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M NaOH<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Na\u2082SO\u2084<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 M Na\u2083PO\u2084<\/li>\r\n \t<li>one unknown cation solution<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Safety:<\/h2>\r\nWear goggles and gloves. Collect all liquids and rinses in the waste beaker. Rinse skin with water if contacted. Clean wells thoroughly to avoid cross\u2011contamination.\r\n<h2>Procedure:<\/h2>\r\n<ol data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"370\">\r\n<p data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"370\">Obtain a 24-well plate and set up a 3 \u00d7 6 grid for testing five known cation solutions &amp; your unknown solution as shown in your data pages.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"371\" data-end=\"491\">\r\n<p data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"491\">In the first column, place three drops of silver nitrate solution (AgNO\u2083) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"613\">\r\n<p data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"613\">In the second column, place three drops of sodium nitrate solution (NaNO\u2083) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"735\">\r\n<p data-start=\"617\" data-end=\"735\">In the third column, place three drops of zinc nitrate solution (Zn(NO\u2083)\u2082) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"858\">\r\n<p data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"858\">In the fourth column, place three drops of lead nitrate solution (Pb(NO\u2083)\u2082) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">In the fifth column, place three drops of iron(II) nitrate solution (Fe(NO\u2083)3) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">First row: Add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to each well containing a cation solution.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Observe and record results in Data Table A, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Second row: Add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M sodium sulfate (Na\u2082SO\u2084) to each well. Record observations as above.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Observe and record results in Data Table A, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Third row: Add three drops of 0.1 M sodium phosphate (Na\u2083PO\u2084) to each well. Record observations as above.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel\u00a0 each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Observe and record results in Data Table A, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Keep the well plate with known results nearby for direct comparison during unknown identification.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Obtain an unknown solution containing one or more of the cations used in this experiment (Ag\u207a, Fe<sup>3<\/sup><sup>+<\/sup>, Na\u207a, Pb\u00b2\u207a, Zn\u00b2\u207a). Record the unknown number in your data table.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">In the sixth\u00a0column, place three drops of unknown solution into each of the three wells.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the first well of the unknown, add three drops of 0.1 M NaOH. Record observations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the second well of the unknown, add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M Na\u2082SO\u2084. Record observations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the third well of the unknown, add three drops of 0.1 M Na\u2083PO\u2084. Record observations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\r\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Compare the unknown\u2019s reaction patterns to your known results. Identify the cation(s) present in your unknown and explain your reasoning based on your recorded observations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<h2>Materials:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>24-well plate<\/li>\n<li>glass stirring rod<\/li>\n<li>150-mL beaker<\/li>\n<li>deionized water<\/li>\n<li>paper towels<\/li>\n<li>transfer pipettes<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M AgNO\u2083<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Zn(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Pb(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Fe(NO\u2083)\u2083<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M NaNO\u2083<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M NaOH<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Na\u2082SO\u2084<\/li>\n<li>0.1 M Na\u2083PO\u2084<\/li>\n<li>one unknown cation solution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Safety:<\/h2>\n<p>Wear goggles and gloves. Collect all liquids and rinses in the waste beaker. Rinse skin with water if contacted. Clean wells thoroughly to avoid cross\u2011contamination.<\/p>\n<h2>Procedure:<\/h2>\n<ol data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"985\">\n<li data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"370\">\n<p data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"370\">Obtain a 24-well plate and set up a 3 \u00d7 6 grid for testing five known cation solutions &amp; your unknown solution as shown in your data pages.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"371\" data-end=\"491\">\n<p data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"491\">In the first column, place three drops of silver nitrate solution (AgNO\u2083) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"613\">\n<p data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"613\">In the second column, place three drops of sodium nitrate solution (NaNO\u2083) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"735\">\n<p data-start=\"617\" data-end=\"735\">In the third column, place three drops of zinc nitrate solution (Zn(NO\u2083)\u2082) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"858\">\n<p data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"858\">In the fourth column, place three drops of lead nitrate solution (Pb(NO\u2083)\u2082) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">In the fifth column, place three drops of iron(II) nitrate solution (Fe(NO\u2083)3) into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">First row: Add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to each well containing a cation solution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Observe and record results in Data Table A, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Second row: Add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M sodium sulfate (Na\u2082SO\u2084) to each well. Record observations as above.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\n<li>Observe and record results in Data Table A, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Third row: Add three drops of 0.1 M sodium phosphate (Na\u2083PO\u2084) to each well. Record observations as above.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir each mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel\u00a0 each time between solutions. This is extremely important to avoid cross-contamination &amp; the appearance of false-positive results.<\/li>\n<li>Observe and record results in Data Table A, noting whether a precipitate forms (ppt) or not (no ppt) and describing any color or texture changes.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Keep the well plate with known results nearby for direct comparison during unknown identification.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Obtain an unknown solution containing one or more of the cations used in this experiment (Ag\u207a, Fe<sup>3<\/sup><sup>+<\/sup>, Na\u207a, Pb\u00b2\u207a, Zn\u00b2\u207a). Record the unknown number in your data table.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">In the sixth\u00a0column, place three drops of unknown solution into each of the three wells.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the first well of the unknown, add three drops of 0.1 M NaOH. Record observations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the second well of the unknown, add three\u00a0drops of 0.1 M Na\u2082SO\u2084. Record observations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">To the third well of the unknown, add three drops of 0.1 M Na\u2083PO\u2084. Record observations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using your glass stirring rod, stir the mixture gently, being sure to wash the glass stirring rod with deionized water &amp; drying with a paper towel before moving on.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"985\">\n<p data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"985\">Compare the unknown\u2019s reaction patterns to your known results. Identify the cation(s) present in your unknown and explain your reasoning based on your recorded observations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-585","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":386,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/585","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/585\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":999,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/585\/revisions\/999"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/386"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/585\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=585"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=585"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=585"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/introchemlabmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=585"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}