Learning Outcomes<\/h2>\r\n\r\n \t- By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- Describe the key actors in international relations and explain their roles within the global system.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- Analyze the concepts of anarchy and sovereignty and evaluate their impact on international cooperation during global crises.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- Understand why global disasters in film are helpful to understand key international relations concepts such as security, governance, and cooperation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
1.1: Defining International Relations<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nWhen we think about global politics, [pb_glossary id=\"153\"]international relations<\/strong> (IR)[\/pb_glossary] often comes to mind, even if we\u2019re not aware of it. IR is the political science field that studies how countries interact, why they sometimes work together, and why they sometimes clash. But it\u2019s not just about states and politicians making deals or going to war; IR also involves non-state actors like multinational corporations, international organizations, and even non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that help shape the world. Whether it\u2019s negotiating climate change policies, managing the flow of goods across borders, or dealing with crises like pandemics, international relations gives us a framework to understand who the main players are, what they want, and how they go about achieving it. By studying IR, we can get a clearer picture of why the world works the way it does \u2013 and maybe even predict where it\u2019s headed next.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"461\"]![\"A](\"https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/5bbf8e9c0b77bd1b70356eee\/1604377842957-OXFTUEUC3JUSUO6X17HB\/image-asset.jpeg\")
Flags<\/a>, powerful symbols of the nation-state, line the All\u00e9e des Nations in front of the United Nation\u2019s Palace of Nations in Geneva. Tom Page<\/a> CC BY-SA<\/a>[\/caption]\r\nTo start, let\u2019s break down exactly what we mean by international relations. IR is not just about individual countries but about the entire international system \u2013 a vast network of interactions that includes states, organizations, and other groups with interests that cross borders. This system is dynamic, with countries competing, negotiating, and collaborating to achieve their goals. However, IR is also about understanding the challenges that arise when so many players are pursuing different goals. From conflicts over resources to alliances formed in the face of common threats, IR provides insight into how global events unfold and why international cooperation is often more complex than it seems. For example, the United Nations, which attempts to facilitate cooperation on a global scale, illustrates the practical side of IR as an international organization working to manage the behavior of states and other actors. As we go further, we'll see how the ideas and goals of these different players influence their interactions in the global system.<\/p>\r\n
One of the defining features of our world today is [pb_glossary id=\"155\"]globalization[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u2013 the growing interconnectedness of economies, societies, and cultures on a worldwide scale. This interconnectedness means that what happens in one part of the world affects people across the globe, from economic booms and busts to cultural trends and public health crises. Globalization has also brought unique challenges: while it fosters economic growth and the spread of ideas, it can also lead to competition, inequality, and environmental issues that no single country can solve alone. The 2008 global financial crisis is an example of this interconnectedness; what started as a housing market crash in the United States quickly led to economic turmoil around the world, highlighting both the benefits and the vulnerabilities of a highly globalized system. As countries become more interconnected, IR scholars and policymakers alike need to understand how globalization shapes state behavior and the broader international system. Next, we'll look at what drives countries in their decision-making \u2013 something often referred to as their national interest.<\/p>\r\n[pb_glossary id=\"156\"]National interest<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] is a core concept in international relations, shaping how states approach both cooperation and conflict. A country\u2019s national interest usually includes goals like security, economic prosperity, and influence on the world stage. For example, a state might prioritize its security by building a strong military, ensuring stable alliances, or securing resources it needs. Economic interests, meanwhile, could lead a country to negotiate trade deals or join international economic organizations like the World Trade Organization. For example, when the United States and China interact on trade issues, each country is trying to protect its own national interests, balancing economic growth with security concerns. National interests can align, creating opportunities for cooperation, or they can clash, leading to tensions or even conflict. Understanding national interests helps us see why countries often make the decisions they do, whether they\u2019re aiming for cooperation or acting to secure their position on the global stage.<\/p>\r\n\r\nLevels of Analysis<\/h3>\r\n
Finally, how<\/em> one goes about studying IR matters. Imagine you're watching a superhero movie. From the sky, you see cities clashing, alliances forming, villains threatening the global order\u2014classic international chaos. But zoom in, and you\u2019ll notice governments making strategic decisions. Zoom in even further, and you'll find one anxious scientist-turned-hero wrestling with guilt and duty. That, in a nutshell, is what the levels of analysis in international relations are all about: different perspectives for understanding why things happen in world politics. Levels of analysis help scholars and students break down complex international events by examining them from three vantage points: the system, the state, and the individual. Each level focuses on different actors and causal mechanisms. This framework matters because the level of analysis we choose shapes not only how we explain global events, but also what kinds of solutions we propose. Miss the forest for the trees\u2014or the trees for the forest\u2014and you might end up with a deeply flawed understanding of world politics.<\/p>\r\nThe system-level of analysis takes the widest lens, focusing on the structure of the international system as a whole. This level looks at how the distribution of power, the absence of a central authority (anarchy), and global norms influence state behavior. Scholars working at this level often emphasize how the system constrains what states can do, regardless of their internal makeup. For example, during the Cold War, many realists\u2014most notably Kenneth Waltz\u2014argued that the bipolar system, defined by two superpowers, created a stable balance of power. It didn\u2019t matter if the U.S. was a democracy and the USSR a communist state; what mattered was how the two powers interacted within an anarchic system. In contrast, the state-level of analysis zooms in to examine domestic factors like political institutions, regime types, economic systems, and national ideologies. This level explains state behavior by looking at what's going on inside countries. Take the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq: a state-level analysis might focus on the influence of neoconservative ideology within the Bush administration, public opinion after 9\/11, or the way American democratic institutions shaped foreign policy decisions.<\/p>\r\n
Finally, the individual-level of analysis focuses on the roles that specific people\u2014especially leaders\u2014play in international politics. This level considers psychological traits, belief systems, perceptions, and personal experiences. It's a more human-scale approach to IR, and often reveals how decisions are influenced not by structures or institutions, but by the quirks and judgments of individuals. A classic example is the Cuban Missile Crisis, where scholars like Robert Jervis have shown how the crisis was shaped by the personal decisions and risk perceptions of John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev. Their ability to interpret signals, avoid escalation, and manage fear helped the world narrowly escape nuclear war. Each level of analysis has its strengths, but the most insightful IR explanations often combine them\u2014linking the global system, state dynamics, and individual choices into one interconnected narrative. Think of it as switching camera angles in a documentary about world affairs: each angle tells a different part of the story.<\/p>\r\n
As we can see, international relations is not only about the obvious decisions and interactions but also about the hidden dynamics that shape how states pursue their goals, build alliances, or enter conflicts. From the broad reach of globalization to the specific national interests that guide state actions, IR provides us with the tools to understand the motivations and forces at play in global politics. In the next sections, we\u2019ll dive deeper into these concepts and explore how countries navigate the complex landscape of international relations.<\/p>\r\n
<\/p>\r\n\r\n
1.2: Key Actors: States, Non-State Actors, and International Organizations<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nIn international relations, the global stage is crowded with influential players, each bringing their own agendas and strategies. While countries may be the traditional \u201cmain characters,\u201d they\u2019re joined by a host of other powerful entities\u2014from massive corporations to humanitarian groups and intergovernmental organizations. These actors all contribute to the complex landscape of global politics, where cooperation, competition, and conflict unfold. Understanding these key players helps us see why world events often unfold the way they do and how multiple forces shape international outcomes. How do these key players interact? It may not be entirely accurate, but check out the humorous video of a sketch comedy bit below for one possible way that these actors interact. Afterwards, we'll dive into these central actors, starting with the cornerstone of international relations: the state.<\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tqIh3N7_xGk\r\n
In everyday language, we often use the word \"country\" as a way of referring to a place like Canada, India, or Bolivia. But in international relations, we need to be more specific as there are different kinds countries with different characteristics. [pb_glossary id=\"158\"]States[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> are like the \u201cfounding members\u201d of the international club, each one governing its territory and making decisions independently. To be a state, a political entity needs a few essential elements: defined borders, a permanent population, a functioning government, and recognition from other countries. This last factor\u2014recognition\u2014is crucial because it\u2019s what allows a state to participate fully in the international system. For example, Canada\u2019s recognition as a state by other countries affirms its sovereignty, or authority to govern itself. This sovereignty gives states the power to set their own policies, build alliances, and represent themselves on the global stage. Once there, states then interact with other states in the international system. Yet states are not alone in shaping world events, as a growing cast of non-state actors also plays crucial roles in global politics. Throughout this book, we will use the term \"state\" a lot! You may have read or heard of terms like \"nation\" or \"nation-state\"...but we will explain the difference in a later chapter. In the meantime, click the world map below to play a world geography game to test your knowledge of states!<\/p>\r\nClick the image below to play a non-graded geography game (external link)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"553\"]![\"Flat](\"https:\/\/images-wixmp-ed30a86b8c4ca887773594c2.wixmp.com\/f\/4094b6c1-7fba-4931-80f6-645bcea0a582\/dg0750s-ccc66f6e-6f19-4366-ab37-3ea28612c135.png?token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJ1cm46YXBwOjdlMGQxODg5ODIyNjQzNzNhNWYwZDQxNWVhMGQyNmUwIiwiaXNzIjoidXJuOmFwcDo3ZTBkMTg4OTgyMjY0MzczYTVmMGQ0MTVlYTBkMjZlMCIsIm9iaiI6W1t7InBhdGgiOiJcL2ZcLzQwOTRiNmMxLTdmYmEtNDkzMS04MGY2LTY0NWJjZWEwYTU4MlwvZGcwNzUwcy1jY2M2NmY2ZS02ZjE5LTQzNjYtYWIzNy0zZWEyODYxMmMxMzUucG5nIn1dXSwiYXVkIjpbInVybjpzZXJ2aWNlOmZpbGUuZG93bmxvYWQiXX0.vR9QxgtJtXGSCMVP7v-rxYQGAsFqDYpJK00Oft1xI7o\")
<\/a> Flag Map of The World<\/a> Cookie030307\u00a0<\/a> CC0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\nWith their unique goals and far-reaching influence, [pb_glossary id=\"159\"]non-state actors<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] bring new dynamics to international relations. These players include multinational corporations, international activist groups, and even terrorist organizations, each exerting influence across borders and often pushing agendas very different from those of states. Take multinational corporations like Apple, which can impact trade policy and consumer behavior around the world without holding any formal political power. Or consider terrorist groups, which often operate globally, challenging state security and reshaping priorities around defense and counter-terrorism. Non-state actors remind us that influence in international relations isn\u2019t limited to governments alone; other powerful groups can also shape policies, disrupt systems, and spark global shifts. To help manage these varied interests, states frequently rely on international organizations.<\/p>\r\nImagine a world without organizations dedicated to coordinating and mediating international affairs\u2014it would be chaos! [pb_glossary id=\"160\"]International organizations<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary], or IOs, bring structure to this complex environment by offering platforms for negotiation and cooperation. Groups like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization (WTO), both composed of member states, work to create stability and address global challenges collectively. The United Nations (UN), for example, facilitates peacekeeping efforts, humanitarian aid, and international policy discussions, making it a key player in global peace and security. Similarly, the WTO oversees trade agreements and helps resolve economic disputes, allowing for smoother interactions between countries. IOs show how states, even with their differences, can collaborate to solve issues that affect the entire international community. Within this web of cooperation and regulation, another group of powerful actors exerts its own influence: transnational corporations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"395\"]![\"Times](\"https:\/\/www.cetim.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/New_york_times_square-terabass.jpg\")
Today, many corporations operate beyond state borders and some have revenues that rival small countries. New York Times Square<\/a> Terabass<\/a> CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\nThese global business giants operate in multiple countries, wielding economic power that sometimes rivals even that of smaller states. [pb_glossary id=\"161\"]Transnational corporations<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] (TNCs), like Amazon or Toyota, affect international relations by bringing jobs, investments, and resources to various regions. But with this economic influence comes a level of political power; TNCs can shape trade agreements and lobby for policies that benefit their interests. Their decisions\u2014where to set up factories, what trade practices to support, and even how to structure wages\u2014affect millions of people and often influence national economic priorities. However, TNCs also introduce challenges, such as labor disputes and environmental concerns, which can strain relations between countries and require international cooperation to address. Alongside these economic giants, [pb_glossary id=\"162\"]<\/span>non-governmental orga<\/strong>nizations<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] (NGOs) add yet another layer of influence to the world stage.<\/span><\/p>\r\nDriven by missions to address issues like human rights and environmental protection, NGOs are tireless advocates for global causes, often acting as the conscience of the international community. Unlike states or corporations, NGOs like Amnesty International or Doctors Without Borders work independently, focusing on social issues rather than profit or political power. Amnesty International, for example, pressures governments to uphold human rights standards, while Greenpeace campaigns on environmental issues, raising awareness and calling for action on climate change. NGOs often build public support and push for policy changes that governments might otherwise ignore, proving that smaller, independent actors can have big impacts on the global agenda. Together, these varied actors\u2014states, non-state entities, international organizations, TNCs, and NGOs\u2014make international relations a rich and intricate field, full of alliances, rivalries, and global challenges.<\/p>\r\n
When it comes to international relations, there\u2019s no single boss calling the shots. States\u2014those flag-waving, passport-stamping powerhouses\u2014are the main players on the global stage. But they\u2019re far from alone. Non-state actors like NGOs, multinational corporations, terrorist groups, and even influencers (yes, really) are flexing their muscles in ways that can shape global events. Then there are international organizations\u2014think the UN, NATO, or the WHO\u2014trying to keep everyone playing nice (or at least not blowing things up). It\u2019s like a giant, high-stakes game of Risk<\/em>, only messier, more connected, and with way more acronyms. But with all these players and no world government to keep them in line, how does anything actually<\/em> get done? That\u2019s where the ideas of anarchy and sovereignty come into play.<\/p>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n
1.3: Anarchy and Sovereignty in the Global System<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nThe modern world of international relations has some surprisingly old roots. Believe it or not, a lot of what we know as the global order today was born out of a peace treaty from way back in 1648. Known as the Treaty of Westphalia, this agreement ended the Thiry Years' War, a brutal series of wars in Europe and established the concept of state sovereignty\u2014that each country had supreme authority within its borders, free from external interference. This [pb_glossary id=\"163\"]Westphalian System<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] is still foundational today, defining the international system where countries have the right to govern themselves without outside intervention. For example, the principle that foreign powers shouldn\u2019t meddle in the internal politics of other countries can be traced back to Westphalian ideas. However, while the system established borders and sovereignty, it didn\u2019t create a world government to enforce these rules, leaving states to navigate a global system marked by an interesting challenge: anarchy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"621\"]![\"United](\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a9\/Trying_out_new_Peacekeeping_Uniforms.jpg\")
Unlike individual countries, the world has no central authority (government) nor a global police force. This resulting anarchy makes international relations a bit complicated! UN Peacekeeping<\/a> Tsidoti<\/a> Tsidoti<\/a><\/span> <\/span>CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n[pb_glossary id=\"87\"]Anarchy[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> in international relations doesn\u2019t mean total chaos; instead, it simply refers to the absence of a central authority that oversees all states. Unlike a country where a national government enforces laws and regulations, the global system has no single authority telling countries what to do. This means states operate independently, guided by their own interests and goals, often resulting in competition or conflict. Think of the world like a group of neighbors without a homeowners\u2019 association\u2014some might get along, others might clash, and disputes can escalate quickly since there\u2019s no one to mediate. This condition of anarchy creates both risks and opportunities for states, as they must decide when to cooperate and when to go it alone. In such a system, each state must also rely on its sovereignty, the core idea that gives states the authority to control what happens within their own borders.<\/p>\r\nFor countries, [pb_glossary id=\"164\"]sovereignty<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] is like a protective shield, ensuring they have the power to make decisions within their own territory. This principle of sovereignty is what allows each country to govern itself, free from external interference, and shapes how states interact in an international setting. When a state is sovereign, it can create its own laws, manage its resources, and choose its political system, without fearing that another country can simply come in and take over. For instance, Canada\u2019s sovereignty means it makes its own laws without input from other countries. This independence is evident in policies as Canada's control over its natural resources, like its vast oil reserves in Alberta, and determines how they are extracted, regulated, and traded, even when faced with international pressure regarding environmental policies. Furthermore, Canada\u2019s sovereignty allows it to decide on its own foreign policy, as seen in its decision to remain independent from U.S. military actions at times, such as when it refused to participate in the 2003 Iraq War despite American requests. However, this independence is highly valued, but it also places pressure on states to defend their sovereignty, especially in an anarchic system where no higher authority exists to protect their borders. To preserve their autonomy and security, states must think strategically about their power, forging alliances, maintaining strong military capabilities, and engaging in diplomatic efforts to deter potential threats.<\/p>\r\nWhen it comes to survival and influence, [pb_glossary id=\"165\"]power<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] is a state\u2019s greatest asset. In international relations, power is the ability to shape outcomes, whether by military strength, economic influence, or diplomatic skill. Military power, for example, gives a state the capacity to defend itself or even deter potential threats, while economic power allows it to sway other states through trade agreements or financial aid. Think of the United States or China, whose influence spans across regions because of their substantial military and economic resources. Diplomacy, or \u201csoft power,\u201d is another valuable tool, allowing countries to build alliances or negotiate treaties. But power also comes with responsibility, as states must carefully balance their ambitions with the reality that other states are also vying for influence. And in an anarchic world, states know they can\u2019t count on anyone else for protection\u2014they rely on a principle known as self-help. We'll learn more about the different concepts of power in Chapter 4, but for now check out the video below to learn more about the foundations of power.<\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c_Eutci7ack\r\nIn the global system, self-reliance isn\u2019t just a virtue; it\u2019s often a necessity. The principle of [pb_glossary id=\"166\"]self-help<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] means that in the absence of a global police force, each state must look out for its own security and interests. This concept explains why countries build up their militaries, seek alliances, or develop nuclear arsenals to deter potential threats. Since no international authority can guarantee their safety, states must be prepared to defend themselves independently. Consider why nations invest in defense budgets and why they often seem wary of others\u2019 military activities\u2014self-help pushes states to act in their own best interests to ensure survival. However, even in this self-reliant and anarchic world, states recognize that cooperation can help manage conflicts, and this is where international law comes in.<\/p>\r\n[pb_glossary id=\"167\"]International law<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] brings a layer of order to the otherwise anarchic international system, offering a set of rules and norms that help states interact more predictably and cooperatively. While there\u2019s no global government to enforce these laws, treaties and agreements establish guidelines on everything from trade to human rights, reducing misunderstandings and promoting stability. For example, the Geneva Conventions set standards for humane treatment in wartime, helping countries agree on basic norms even during conflicts. International law may not eliminate anarchy, but it offers a common language for states to work through disputes, encouraging cooperation and diplomacy over conflict. Together, these principles\u2014sovereignty, power, self-help, and international law\u2014create a framework that shapes how countries navigate the challenges and opportunities of the global system.<\/p>\r\nIn a world of rival powers and guarded borders, getting countries to work together can feel like herding cats\u2014but international cooperation isn\u2019t a lost cause. While the international system is rooted in anarchy, with no single global government to enforce cooperation, states still come together to tackle big issues like health crises and natural disasters. Sovereignty means that countries value their independence and are often hesitant to compromise, especially when national interests are at stake. Power imbalances further complicate things, as stronger nations may push for dominance while weaker states resist being sidelined. Despite these challenges, global cooperation isn\u2019t just possible\u2014it\u2019s happening. By starting with smaller agreements, building trust, and appealing to shared benefits, states and international organizations manage to bridge divides and work together on urgent issues. To better understand how these dynamics play out, this book will explore examples from global disasters and dive into how popular films capture the challenges and possibilities of international relations in action.<\/p>\r\n
<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\r\n1.4: Using Global Disasters and Film to Frame International Relations<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nSometimes, the world of international relations can feel as complex as a blockbuster movie\u2014only with fewer superheroes and a lot more diplomats. In this book, though, we\u2019ll shake things up by using some of your favorite disaster and sci-fi films as a lens to understand global issues. To start, we will examine the foundational concepts of international relations in Chapter 2 (theories) and Chapter 3 (the state). By drawing on popular movies like World War Z<\/em> and The Hunger Games<\/em>, we\u2019ll explore how global crises play out in a fictional setting, helping us make sense of real-life concepts in these two chapters. Afterwards, each unit of this book will explore one major theme in international relations from a unique security related angle, connecting it to familiar stories and scenarios that make the abstract concepts much more relatable. So, if you\u2019ve ever wondered how superheroes or alien invasions could teach you about world politics, buckle up\u2014we\u2019re about to dive into some cinematic chaos.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_199\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"334\"]![\"The](\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/internationalrelations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/95\/2024\/10\/b89d9312af3c799e10bd8e174a9950e5-293x300.jpeg\")
Using global disasters as a framework for understanding IR allows us to test theories and case studies to extremes; sometimes real and sometimes fictional. \u00a0HypnoArt CC0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe next three units of this textbook are centered different concepts of security. Why focus on security to understand international relations? Because security is the heartbeat of global politics\u2014it\u2019s the need for survival, stability, and protection that drives nations, organizations, and people. Whether facing human-made threats or natural disasters, security shapes the way countries behave, helping us grasp why they take certain actions on the world stage. From preventing wars to managing pandemics, security concerns are what often push countries to cooperate, form alliances, or even compete. By focusing on security, we see how the common goal of staying safe can mean vastly different things depending on who\u2019s involved and what\u2019s at stake.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nOur journey begins with [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]International Security<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary], a concept that captures the measures states and international organizations take to ensure survival and safety in the face of threats like war, terrorism, and global disasters. In World War Z, for example, countries around the world scramble to contain a deadly virus that turns people into zombies, creating a fictional but thrilling example of how international security might look in a global crisis. By examining how different nations respond to the pandemic, we see how security concerns drive state behavior and shape alliances, as well as the limitations of individual countries acting alone. This concept of security also surfaces in The Hunger Games, where the central government\u2019s tight control over its districts highlights how security measures can become tools for dominance and oppression. In this first unit, we\u2019ll break down these ideas to understand how countries respond to large-scale threats and the trade-offs they face between national security and individual freedoms. Next, we\u2019ll explore an idea that takes security in a different direction\u2014focusing not just on states, but on people.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nNo disaster movie is complete without a bit of economic chaos, and that\u2019s where [pb_glossary id=\"170\"]Economic Security<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] comes in. This concept refers to the ability of people and countries to maintain a stable income or resources, particularly during global crises. In a real-world context, economic security includes everything from protecting jobs and income to managing national resources. In Unit 3, we\u2019ll draw connections to science fiction dystopian films where economic collapse or scarcity creates intense conflicts, as we see in movies like Elysium or Blade Runner. These fictional worlds depict extreme versions of economic insecurity, where resources are so scarce that they lead to social breakdown. By analyzing these scenarios, we\u2019ll get a better grasp on the factors that contribute to economic security, including fair access to resources, economic policies, and international trade. This focus on economic stability sets the stage for our final unit, where we explore the futuristic themes of robots, aliens, and human survival.\r\n\r\n[pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Human Security<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] flips traditional security thinking by putting individuals at the center of safety concerns, protecting them from threats like disease, political instability, and environmental disasters. Unlike the state-centered approach, which prioritizes national borders and military defense, human security emphasizes the well-being and safety of people in their daily lives. To explore this concept, we\u2019ll take an unconventional approach by analyzing films that depict crises of survival, governance, and human rights. Arrival<\/em> raises questions about global governance and international cooperation as nations struggle to work together in response to an alien presence, reflecting real-world challenges in managing global crises. District 9<\/em> offers a stark commentary on international law and human rights, drawing parallels to the treatment of refugees and marginalized groups in times of conflict. Meanwhile, Children of Men<\/em> explores the tensions between globalization and nationalism in a world where economic and political collapse has led to the widespread persecution of vulnerable communities. Through these films, we\u2019ll examine how human security shifts our perspective on international relations by prioritizing people over states and survival over sovereignty.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\nSo far, we\u2019ve cracked open the toolbox of international relations, met the key actors, peeked at the global system\u2019s rules (or lack thereof), and dipped our toes into the big debates about power, sovereignty, and order. If this all feels a little chaotic\u2014good! That\u2019s the nature of the global stage: complex, contested, and constantly evolving. But don\u2019t worry\u2014we\u2019ve got a whole book to explore how it all fits together (or doesn\u2019t). From why states go to war to how climate change reshapes diplomacy, each chapter will build on these core ideas to help you make sense of the world around you\u2014and maybe even imagine how to change it. To kick things off, we\u2019ll test these foundational concepts with a scenario that\u2019s as absurd as it is revealing: a zombie apocalypse. In Chapter 2, we\u2019ll explore how different international relations theories\u2014from realism to constructivism\u2014might respond when the dead start rising. It\u2019s a fictional crisis, sure, but the lessons it reveals about real-world politics are anything but make-believe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Key Terms<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\nInternational Relations (IR)<\/strong> \u2013 The study of interactions among states and non-state actors in the international system.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nGlobalization<\/strong> \u2013 The increasing interconnectedness of economies, societies, and cultures across the globe.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\nNational Interest<\/strong> \u2013 The goals or objectives of a state, often related to security, economic well-being, or influence.<\/p>\r\nStates-<\/strong>\u00a0A political entity with defined borders, a permanent population, a sovereign government, and recognition from other states, making it a central actor in global politics.<\/p>\r\nNon-State Actors<\/strong> \u2013 Entities that influence international relations but are not states, including NGOs, multinational corporations, and terrorist groups.<\/p>\r\nInternational Organizations (IOs)<\/strong> \u2013 Organizations composed of multiple states that work together to manage global issues (e.g., UN, WTO).<\/p>\r\nTransnational Corporations (TNCs)<\/strong> \u2013 Companies that operate across borders and play a role in international economic relations.<\/p>\r\nNon-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)<\/strong> \u2013 Independent organizations that work to address global issues like human rights, environmental protection, and humanitarian aid.<\/p>\r\nWestphalian System<\/strong> \u2013 The modern international order that emerged after the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, emphasizing state sovereignty and territorial integrity.<\/p>\r\nAnarchy<\/strong> \u2013 The absence of a central authority in the international system, where states operate independently.<\/p>\r\nSovereignty<\/strong> \u2013 The principle that states have supreme authority within their territorial borders and are not subject to external interference.<\/p>\r\nPower<\/strong> \u2013 The ability of a state to influence others and achieve its objectives through military, economic, or diplomatic means.<\/p>\r\nSelf-Help<\/strong> \u2013 In an anarchic international system, the principle that states must rely on their own resources for security.<\/p>\r\nInternational Law<\/strong> \u2013 A set of rules and norms governing the interactions between states, aimed at reducing anarchy and promoting cooperation.<\/p>\r\nInternational Cooperation<\/strong> \u2013 The collaborative efforts between states, international organizations, and non-state actors to address global problems, such as health emergencies and disaster management.<\/p>\r\nInternational Security<\/strong> \u2013 The measures taken by states and international organizations to ensure mutual survival and safety, often involving responses to threats like war, terrorism, and global disasters.<\/p>\r\nHuman Security<\/strong> \u2013 A concept that shifts the focus from the security of states to the protection of individuals from widespread threats, such as disease, environmental disasters, and economic hardship.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
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- Describe the key actors in international relations and explain their roles within the global system.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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- Analyze the concepts of anarchy and sovereignty and evaluate their impact on international cooperation during global crises.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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- Understand why global disasters in film are helpful to understand key international relations concepts such as security, governance, and cooperation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
1.1: Defining International Relations<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n
When we think about global politics, [pb_glossary id=\"153\"]international relations<\/strong> (IR)[\/pb_glossary] often comes to mind, even if we\u2019re not aware of it. IR is the political science field that studies how countries interact, why they sometimes work together, and why they sometimes clash. But it\u2019s not just about states and politicians making deals or going to war; IR also involves non-state actors like multinational corporations, international organizations, and even non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that help shape the world. Whether it\u2019s negotiating climate change policies, managing the flow of goods across borders, or dealing with crises like pandemics, international relations gives us a framework to understand who the main players are, what they want, and how they go about achieving it. By studying IR, we can get a clearer picture of why the world works the way it does \u2013 and maybe even predict where it\u2019s headed next.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"461\"]
Flags<\/a>, powerful symbols of the nation-state, line the All\u00e9e des Nations in front of the United Nation\u2019s Palace of Nations in Geneva. Tom Page<\/a> CC BY-SA<\/a>[\/caption]\r\nTo start, let\u2019s break down exactly what we mean by international relations. IR is not just about individual countries but about the entire international system \u2013 a vast network of interactions that includes states, organizations, and other groups with interests that cross borders. This system is dynamic, with countries competing, negotiating, and collaborating to achieve their goals. However, IR is also about understanding the challenges that arise when so many players are pursuing different goals. From conflicts over resources to alliances formed in the face of common threats, IR provides insight into how global events unfold and why international cooperation is often more complex than it seems. For example, the United Nations, which attempts to facilitate cooperation on a global scale, illustrates the practical side of IR as an international organization working to manage the behavior of states and other actors. As we go further, we'll see how the ideas and goals of these different players influence their interactions in the global system.<\/p>\r\n
One of the defining features of our world today is [pb_glossary id=\"155\"]globalization[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u2013 the growing interconnectedness of economies, societies, and cultures on a worldwide scale. This interconnectedness means that what happens in one part of the world affects people across the globe, from economic booms and busts to cultural trends and public health crises. Globalization has also brought unique challenges: while it fosters economic growth and the spread of ideas, it can also lead to competition, inequality, and environmental issues that no single country can solve alone. The 2008 global financial crisis is an example of this interconnectedness; what started as a housing market crash in the United States quickly led to economic turmoil around the world, highlighting both the benefits and the vulnerabilities of a highly globalized system. As countries become more interconnected, IR scholars and policymakers alike need to understand how globalization shapes state behavior and the broader international system. Next, we'll look at what drives countries in their decision-making \u2013 something often referred to as their national interest.<\/p>\r\n
[pb_glossary id=\"156\"]National interest<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] is a core concept in international relations, shaping how states approach both cooperation and conflict. A country\u2019s national interest usually includes goals like security, economic prosperity, and influence on the world stage. For example, a state might prioritize its security by building a strong military, ensuring stable alliances, or securing resources it needs. Economic interests, meanwhile, could lead a country to negotiate trade deals or join international economic organizations like the World Trade Organization. For example, when the United States and China interact on trade issues, each country is trying to protect its own national interests, balancing economic growth with security concerns. National interests can align, creating opportunities for cooperation, or they can clash, leading to tensions or even conflict. Understanding national interests helps us see why countries often make the decisions they do, whether they\u2019re aiming for cooperation or acting to secure their position on the global stage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Levels of Analysis<\/h3>\r\n
Finally, how<\/em> one goes about studying IR matters. Imagine you're watching a superhero movie. From the sky, you see cities clashing, alliances forming, villains threatening the global order\u2014classic international chaos. But zoom in, and you\u2019ll notice governments making strategic decisions. Zoom in even further, and you'll find one anxious scientist-turned-hero wrestling with guilt and duty. That, in a nutshell, is what the levels of analysis in international relations are all about: different perspectives for understanding why things happen in world politics. Levels of analysis help scholars and students break down complex international events by examining them from three vantage points: the system, the state, and the individual. Each level focuses on different actors and causal mechanisms. This framework matters because the level of analysis we choose shapes not only how we explain global events, but also what kinds of solutions we propose. Miss the forest for the trees\u2014or the trees for the forest\u2014and you might end up with a deeply flawed understanding of world politics.<\/p>\r\n
The system-level of analysis takes the widest lens, focusing on the structure of the international system as a whole. This level looks at how the distribution of power, the absence of a central authority (anarchy), and global norms influence state behavior. Scholars working at this level often emphasize how the system constrains what states can do, regardless of their internal makeup. For example, during the Cold War, many realists\u2014most notably Kenneth Waltz\u2014argued that the bipolar system, defined by two superpowers, created a stable balance of power. It didn\u2019t matter if the U.S. was a democracy and the USSR a communist state; what mattered was how the two powers interacted within an anarchic system. In contrast, the state-level of analysis zooms in to examine domestic factors like political institutions, regime types, economic systems, and national ideologies. This level explains state behavior by looking at what's going on inside countries. Take the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq: a state-level analysis might focus on the influence of neoconservative ideology within the Bush administration, public opinion after 9\/11, or the way American democratic institutions shaped foreign policy decisions.<\/p>\r\n
Finally, the individual-level of analysis focuses on the roles that specific people\u2014especially leaders\u2014play in international politics. This level considers psychological traits, belief systems, perceptions, and personal experiences. It's a more human-scale approach to IR, and often reveals how decisions are influenced not by structures or institutions, but by the quirks and judgments of individuals. A classic example is the Cuban Missile Crisis, where scholars like Robert Jervis have shown how the crisis was shaped by the personal decisions and risk perceptions of John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev. Their ability to interpret signals, avoid escalation, and manage fear helped the world narrowly escape nuclear war. Each level of analysis has its strengths, but the most insightful IR explanations often combine them\u2014linking the global system, state dynamics, and individual choices into one interconnected narrative. Think of it as switching camera angles in a documentary about world affairs: each angle tells a different part of the story.<\/p>\r\n
As we can see, international relations is not only about the obvious decisions and interactions but also about the hidden dynamics that shape how states pursue their goals, build alliances, or enter conflicts. From the broad reach of globalization to the specific national interests that guide state actions, IR provides us with the tools to understand the motivations and forces at play in global politics. In the next sections, we\u2019ll dive deeper into these concepts and explore how countries navigate the complex landscape of international relations.<\/p>\r\n
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1.2: Key Actors: States, Non-State Actors, and International Organizations<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n
In international relations, the global stage is crowded with influential players, each bringing their own agendas and strategies. While countries may be the traditional \u201cmain characters,\u201d they\u2019re joined by a host of other powerful entities\u2014from massive corporations to humanitarian groups and intergovernmental organizations. These actors all contribute to the complex landscape of global politics, where cooperation, competition, and conflict unfold. Understanding these key players helps us see why world events often unfold the way they do and how multiple forces shape international outcomes. How do these key players interact? It may not be entirely accurate, but check out the humorous video of a sketch comedy bit below for one possible way that these actors interact. Afterwards, we'll dive into these central actors, starting with the cornerstone of international relations: the state.<\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tqIh3N7_xGk\r\n
In everyday language, we often use the word \"country\" as a way of referring to a place like Canada, India, or Bolivia. But in international relations, we need to be more specific as there are different kinds countries with different characteristics. [pb_glossary id=\"158\"]States[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> are like the \u201cfounding members\u201d of the international club, each one governing its territory and making decisions independently. To be a state, a political entity needs a few essential elements: defined borders, a permanent population, a functioning government, and recognition from other countries. This last factor\u2014recognition\u2014is crucial because it\u2019s what allows a state to participate fully in the international system. For example, Canada\u2019s recognition as a state by other countries affirms its sovereignty, or authority to govern itself. This sovereignty gives states the power to set their own policies, build alliances, and represent themselves on the global stage. Once there, states then interact with other states in the international system. Yet states are not alone in shaping world events, as a growing cast of non-state actors also plays crucial roles in global politics. Throughout this book, we will use the term \"state\" a lot! You may have read or heard of terms like \"nation\" or \"nation-state\"...but we will explain the difference in a later chapter. In the meantime, click the world map below to play a world geography game to test your knowledge of states!<\/p>\r\n
Click the image below to play a non-graded geography game (external link)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"553\"]
<\/a> Flag Map of The World<\/a> Cookie030307\u00a0<\/a> CC0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\nWith their unique goals and far-reaching influence, [pb_glossary id=\"159\"]non-state actors<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] bring new dynamics to international relations. These players include multinational corporations, international activist groups, and even terrorist organizations, each exerting influence across borders and often pushing agendas very different from those of states. Take multinational corporations like Apple, which can impact trade policy and consumer behavior around the world without holding any formal political power. Or consider terrorist groups, which often operate globally, challenging state security and reshaping priorities around defense and counter-terrorism. Non-state actors remind us that influence in international relations isn\u2019t limited to governments alone; other powerful groups can also shape policies, disrupt systems, and spark global shifts. To help manage these varied interests, states frequently rely on international organizations.<\/p>\r\n
Imagine a world without organizations dedicated to coordinating and mediating international affairs\u2014it would be chaos! [pb_glossary id=\"160\"]International organizations<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary], or IOs, bring structure to this complex environment by offering platforms for negotiation and cooperation. Groups like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization (WTO), both composed of member states, work to create stability and address global challenges collectively. The United Nations (UN), for example, facilitates peacekeeping efforts, humanitarian aid, and international policy discussions, making it a key player in global peace and security. Similarly, the WTO oversees trade agreements and helps resolve economic disputes, allowing for smoother interactions between countries. IOs show how states, even with their differences, can collaborate to solve issues that affect the entire international community. Within this web of cooperation and regulation, another group of powerful actors exerts its own influence: transnational corporations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"395\"]
Today, many corporations operate beyond state borders and some have revenues that rival small countries. New York Times Square<\/a> Terabass<\/a> CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\nThese global business giants operate in multiple countries, wielding economic power that sometimes rivals even that of smaller states. [pb_glossary id=\"161\"]Transnational corporations<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] (TNCs), like Amazon or Toyota, affect international relations by bringing jobs, investments, and resources to various regions. But with this economic influence comes a level of political power; TNCs can shape trade agreements and lobby for policies that benefit their interests. Their decisions\u2014where to set up factories, what trade practices to support, and even how to structure wages\u2014affect millions of people and often influence national economic priorities. However, TNCs also introduce challenges, such as labor disputes and environmental concerns, which can strain relations between countries and require international cooperation to address. Alongside these economic giants, [pb_glossary id=\"162\"]<\/span>non-governmental orga<\/strong>nizations<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] (NGOs) add yet another layer of influence to the world stage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n
Driven by missions to address issues like human rights and environmental protection, NGOs are tireless advocates for global causes, often acting as the conscience of the international community. Unlike states or corporations, NGOs like Amnesty International or Doctors Without Borders work independently, focusing on social issues rather than profit or political power. Amnesty International, for example, pressures governments to uphold human rights standards, while Greenpeace campaigns on environmental issues, raising awareness and calling for action on climate change. NGOs often build public support and push for policy changes that governments might otherwise ignore, proving that smaller, independent actors can have big impacts on the global agenda. Together, these varied actors\u2014states, non-state entities, international organizations, TNCs, and NGOs\u2014make international relations a rich and intricate field, full of alliances, rivalries, and global challenges.<\/p>\r\n
When it comes to international relations, there\u2019s no single boss calling the shots. States\u2014those flag-waving, passport-stamping powerhouses\u2014are the main players on the global stage. But they\u2019re far from alone. Non-state actors like NGOs, multinational corporations, terrorist groups, and even influencers (yes, really) are flexing their muscles in ways that can shape global events. Then there are international organizations\u2014think the UN, NATO, or the WHO\u2014trying to keep everyone playing nice (or at least not blowing things up). It\u2019s like a giant, high-stakes game of Risk<\/em>, only messier, more connected, and with way more acronyms. But with all these players and no world government to keep them in line, how does anything actually<\/em> get done? That\u2019s where the ideas of anarchy and sovereignty come into play.<\/p>\r\n
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1.3: Anarchy and Sovereignty in the Global System<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n
The modern world of international relations has some surprisingly old roots. Believe it or not, a lot of what we know as the global order today was born out of a peace treaty from way back in 1648. Known as the Treaty of Westphalia, this agreement ended the Thiry Years' War, a brutal series of wars in Europe and established the concept of state sovereignty\u2014that each country had supreme authority within its borders, free from external interference. This [pb_glossary id=\"163\"]Westphalian System<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] is still foundational today, defining the international system where countries have the right to govern themselves without outside intervention. For example, the principle that foreign powers shouldn\u2019t meddle in the internal politics of other countries can be traced back to Westphalian ideas. However, while the system established borders and sovereignty, it didn\u2019t create a world government to enforce these rules, leaving states to navigate a global system marked by an interesting challenge: anarchy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"621\"]
Unlike individual countries, the world has no central authority (government) nor a global police force. This resulting anarchy makes international relations a bit complicated! UN Peacekeeping<\/a> Tsidoti<\/a> Tsidoti<\/a><\/span> <\/span>CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n[pb_glossary id=\"87\"]Anarchy[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> in international relations doesn\u2019t mean total chaos; instead, it simply refers to the absence of a central authority that oversees all states. Unlike a country where a national government enforces laws and regulations, the global system has no single authority telling countries what to do. This means states operate independently, guided by their own interests and goals, often resulting in competition or conflict. Think of the world like a group of neighbors without a homeowners\u2019 association\u2014some might get along, others might clash, and disputes can escalate quickly since there\u2019s no one to mediate. This condition of anarchy creates both risks and opportunities for states, as they must decide when to cooperate and when to go it alone. In such a system, each state must also rely on its sovereignty, the core idea that gives states the authority to control what happens within their own borders.<\/p>\r\n
For countries, [pb_glossary id=\"164\"]sovereignty<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] is like a protective shield, ensuring they have the power to make decisions within their own territory. This principle of sovereignty is what allows each country to govern itself, free from external interference, and shapes how states interact in an international setting. When a state is sovereign, it can create its own laws, manage its resources, and choose its political system, without fearing that another country can simply come in and take over. For instance, Canada\u2019s sovereignty means it makes its own laws without input from other countries. This independence is evident in policies as Canada's control over its natural resources, like its vast oil reserves in Alberta, and determines how they are extracted, regulated, and traded, even when faced with international pressure regarding environmental policies. Furthermore, Canada\u2019s sovereignty allows it to decide on its own foreign policy, as seen in its decision to remain independent from U.S. military actions at times, such as when it refused to participate in the 2003 Iraq War despite American requests. However, this independence is highly valued, but it also places pressure on states to defend their sovereignty, especially in an anarchic system where no higher authority exists to protect their borders. To preserve their autonomy and security, states must think strategically about their power, forging alliances, maintaining strong military capabilities, and engaging in diplomatic efforts to deter potential threats.<\/p>\r\n
When it comes to survival and influence, [pb_glossary id=\"165\"]power<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] is a state\u2019s greatest asset. In international relations, power is the ability to shape outcomes, whether by military strength, economic influence, or diplomatic skill. Military power, for example, gives a state the capacity to defend itself or even deter potential threats, while economic power allows it to sway other states through trade agreements or financial aid. Think of the United States or China, whose influence spans across regions because of their substantial military and economic resources. Diplomacy, or \u201csoft power,\u201d is another valuable tool, allowing countries to build alliances or negotiate treaties. But power also comes with responsibility, as states must carefully balance their ambitions with the reality that other states are also vying for influence. And in an anarchic world, states know they can\u2019t count on anyone else for protection\u2014they rely on a principle known as self-help. We'll learn more about the different concepts of power in Chapter 4, but for now check out the video below to learn more about the foundations of power.<\/p>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c_Eutci7ack\r\n
In the global system, self-reliance isn\u2019t just a virtue; it\u2019s often a necessity. The principle of [pb_glossary id=\"166\"]self-help<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] means that in the absence of a global police force, each state must look out for its own security and interests. This concept explains why countries build up their militaries, seek alliances, or develop nuclear arsenals to deter potential threats. Since no international authority can guarantee their safety, states must be prepared to defend themselves independently. Consider why nations invest in defense budgets and why they often seem wary of others\u2019 military activities\u2014self-help pushes states to act in their own best interests to ensure survival. However, even in this self-reliant and anarchic world, states recognize that cooperation can help manage conflicts, and this is where international law comes in.<\/p>\r\n
[pb_glossary id=\"167\"]International law<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] brings a layer of order to the otherwise anarchic international system, offering a set of rules and norms that help states interact more predictably and cooperatively. While there\u2019s no global government to enforce these laws, treaties and agreements establish guidelines on everything from trade to human rights, reducing misunderstandings and promoting stability. For example, the Geneva Conventions set standards for humane treatment in wartime, helping countries agree on basic norms even during conflicts. International law may not eliminate anarchy, but it offers a common language for states to work through disputes, encouraging cooperation and diplomacy over conflict. Together, these principles\u2014sovereignty, power, self-help, and international law\u2014create a framework that shapes how countries navigate the challenges and opportunities of the global system.<\/p>\r\n
In a world of rival powers and guarded borders, getting countries to work together can feel like herding cats\u2014but international cooperation isn\u2019t a lost cause. While the international system is rooted in anarchy, with no single global government to enforce cooperation, states still come together to tackle big issues like health crises and natural disasters. Sovereignty means that countries value their independence and are often hesitant to compromise, especially when national interests are at stake. Power imbalances further complicate things, as stronger nations may push for dominance while weaker states resist being sidelined. Despite these challenges, global cooperation isn\u2019t just possible\u2014it\u2019s happening. By starting with smaller agreements, building trust, and appealing to shared benefits, states and international organizations manage to bridge divides and work together on urgent issues. To better understand how these dynamics play out, this book will explore examples from global disasters and dive into how popular films capture the challenges and possibilities of international relations in action.<\/p>\r\n
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\r\n1.4: Using Global Disasters and Film to Frame International Relations<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nSometimes, the world of international relations can feel as complex as a blockbuster movie\u2014only with fewer superheroes and a lot more diplomats. In this book, though, we\u2019ll shake things up by using some of your favorite disaster and sci-fi films as a lens to understand global issues. To start, we will examine the foundational concepts of international relations in Chapter 2 (theories) and Chapter 3 (the state). By drawing on popular movies like World War Z<\/em> and The Hunger Games<\/em>, we\u2019ll explore how global crises play out in a fictional setting, helping us make sense of real-life concepts in these two chapters. Afterwards, each unit of this book will explore one major theme in international relations from a unique security related angle, connecting it to familiar stories and scenarios that make the abstract concepts much more relatable. So, if you\u2019ve ever wondered how superheroes or alien invasions could teach you about world politics, buckle up\u2014we\u2019re about to dive into some cinematic chaos.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_199\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"334\"] Using global disasters as a framework for understanding IR allows us to test theories and case studies to extremes; sometimes real and sometimes fictional. \u00a0HypnoArt CC0<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe next three units of this textbook are centered different concepts of security. Why focus on security to understand international relations? Because security is the heartbeat of global politics\u2014it\u2019s the need for survival, stability, and protection that drives nations, organizations, and people. Whether facing human-made threats or natural disasters, security shapes the way countries behave, helping us grasp why they take certain actions on the world stage. From preventing wars to managing pandemics, security concerns are what often push countries to cooperate, form alliances, or even compete. By focusing on security, we see how the common goal of staying safe can mean vastly different things depending on who\u2019s involved and what\u2019s at stake.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nOur journey begins with [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]International Security<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary], a concept that captures the measures states and international organizations take to ensure survival and safety in the face of threats like war, terrorism, and global disasters. In World War Z, for example, countries around the world scramble to contain a deadly virus that turns people into zombies, creating a fictional but thrilling example of how international security might look in a global crisis. By examining how different nations respond to the pandemic, we see how security concerns drive state behavior and shape alliances, as well as the limitations of individual countries acting alone. This concept of security also surfaces in The Hunger Games, where the central government\u2019s tight control over its districts highlights how security measures can become tools for dominance and oppression. In this first unit, we\u2019ll break down these ideas to understand how countries respond to large-scale threats and the trade-offs they face between national security and individual freedoms. Next, we\u2019ll explore an idea that takes security in a different direction\u2014focusing not just on states, but on people.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nNo disaster movie is complete without a bit of economic chaos, and that\u2019s where [pb_glossary id=\"170\"]Economic Security<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] comes in. This concept refers to the ability of people and countries to maintain a stable income or resources, particularly during global crises. In a real-world context, economic security includes everything from protecting jobs and income to managing national resources. In Unit 3, we\u2019ll draw connections to science fiction dystopian films where economic collapse or scarcity creates intense conflicts, as we see in movies like Elysium or Blade Runner. These fictional worlds depict extreme versions of economic insecurity, where resources are so scarce that they lead to social breakdown. By analyzing these scenarios, we\u2019ll get a better grasp on the factors that contribute to economic security, including fair access to resources, economic policies, and international trade. This focus on economic stability sets the stage for our final unit, where we explore the futuristic themes of robots, aliens, and human survival.\r\n\r\n[pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Human Security<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] flips traditional security thinking by putting individuals at the center of safety concerns, protecting them from threats like disease, political instability, and environmental disasters. Unlike the state-centered approach, which prioritizes national borders and military defense, human security emphasizes the well-being and safety of people in their daily lives. To explore this concept, we\u2019ll take an unconventional approach by analyzing films that depict crises of survival, governance, and human rights. Arrival<\/em> raises questions about global governance and international cooperation as nations struggle to work together in response to an alien presence, reflecting real-world challenges in managing global crises. District 9<\/em> offers a stark commentary on international law and human rights, drawing parallels to the treatment of refugees and marginalized groups in times of conflict. Meanwhile, Children of Men<\/em> explores the tensions between globalization and nationalism in a world where economic and political collapse has led to the widespread persecution of vulnerable communities. Through these films, we\u2019ll examine how human security shifts our perspective on international relations by prioritizing people over states and survival over sovereignty.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\nSo far, we\u2019ve cracked open the toolbox of international relations, met the key actors, peeked at the global system\u2019s rules (or lack thereof), and dipped our toes into the big debates about power, sovereignty, and order. If this all feels a little chaotic\u2014good! That\u2019s the nature of the global stage: complex, contested, and constantly evolving. But don\u2019t worry\u2014we\u2019ve got a whole book to explore how it all fits together (or doesn\u2019t). From why states go to war to how climate change reshapes diplomacy, each chapter will build on these core ideas to help you make sense of the world around you\u2014and maybe even imagine how to change it. To kick things off, we\u2019ll test these foundational concepts with a scenario that\u2019s as absurd as it is revealing: a zombie apocalypse. In Chapter 2, we\u2019ll explore how different international relations theories\u2014from realism to constructivism\u2014might respond when the dead start rising. It\u2019s a fictional crisis, sure, but the lessons it reveals about real-world politics are anything but make-believe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Key Terms<\/h2>\r\n
\r\n\r\nInternational Relations (IR)<\/strong> \u2013 The study of interactions among states and non-state actors in the international system.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\nGlobalization<\/strong> \u2013 The increasing interconnectedness of economies, societies, and cultures across the globe.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\nNational Interest<\/strong> \u2013 The goals or objectives of a state, often related to security, economic well-being, or influence.<\/p>\r\n
States-<\/strong>\u00a0A political entity with defined borders, a permanent population, a sovereign government, and recognition from other states, making it a central actor in global politics.<\/p>\r\n
Non-State Actors<\/strong> \u2013 Entities that influence international relations but are not states, including NGOs, multinational corporations, and terrorist groups.<\/p>\r\n
International Organizations (IOs)<\/strong> \u2013 Organizations composed of multiple states that work together to manage global issues (e.g., UN, WTO).<\/p>\r\n
Transnational Corporations (TNCs)<\/strong> \u2013 Companies that operate across borders and play a role in international economic relations.<\/p>\r\n
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)<\/strong> \u2013 Independent organizations that work to address global issues like human rights, environmental protection, and humanitarian aid.<\/p>\r\n
Westphalian System<\/strong> \u2013 The modern international order that emerged after the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, emphasizing state sovereignty and territorial integrity.<\/p>\r\n
Anarchy<\/strong> \u2013 The absence of a central authority in the international system, where states operate independently.<\/p>\r\n
Sovereignty<\/strong> \u2013 The principle that states have supreme authority within their territorial borders and are not subject to external interference.<\/p>\r\n
Power<\/strong> \u2013 The ability of a state to influence others and achieve its objectives through military, economic, or diplomatic means.<\/p>\r\n
Self-Help<\/strong> \u2013 In an anarchic international system, the principle that states must rely on their own resources for security.<\/p>\r\n
International Law<\/strong> \u2013 A set of rules and norms governing the interactions between states, aimed at reducing anarchy and promoting cooperation.<\/p>\r\n
International Cooperation<\/strong> \u2013 The collaborative efforts between states, international organizations, and non-state actors to address global problems, such as health emergencies and disaster management.<\/p>\r\n
International Security<\/strong> \u2013 The measures taken by states and international organizations to ensure mutual survival and safety, often involving responses to threats like war, terrorism, and global disasters.<\/p>\r\n
Human Security<\/strong> \u2013 A concept that shifts the focus from the security of states to the protection of individuals from widespread threats, such as disease, environmental disasters, and economic hardship.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
- Understand why global disasters in film are helpful to understand key international relations concepts such as security, governance, and cooperation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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- Analyze the concepts of anarchy and sovereignty and evaluate their impact on international cooperation during global crises.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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- Describe the key actors in international relations and explain their roles within the global system.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
![Flags<\/a>, powerful symbols of the nation-state, line the All\u00e9e des Nations in front of the United Nation\u2019s Palace of Nations in Geneva.](\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations#\/media\/File:United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg\"){kind=link}
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![New York Times Square<\/a>](\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Times_Square#\/media\/File:New_york_times_square-terabass.jpg\"){kind=link}
![UN Peacekeeping<\/a>](\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humanitarianism_in_Africa#\/media\/File:Trying_out_new_Peacekeeping_Uniforms.jpg\"){kind=link}