Glossary of Terms

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A structured program that provides mentorship, funding, and resources to help startups grow rapidly.

The responsibility to justify actions, decisions, and outcomes within an organization.

A corporate action where one company purchases most or all of another company's shares to gain control of that company.

A leadership approach emphasizing flexibility and learning to navigate organizational change.

The principle that organizations and developers are responsible for the ethical and transparent use of artificial intelligence systems.

A field addressing moral principles and societal implications guiding the development and use of artificial intelligence.

AI ethics in HR refers to the principles that ensure artificial intelligence is used responsibly and fairly in human resources to support human-centered practices, not replace them. Key concerns include preventing bias in hiring and promotions, protecting employee data privacy, ensuring transparency in how AI systems work, and maintaining human oversight in decisions that affect careers. Ethical AI in HR prioritizes fairness, accountability, and human well-being to build trust and create a more equitable workplace

Systems that use artificial intelligence to collect and analyze feedback for performance or user experience improvement.

Artificial intelligence systems that analyze data patterns to predict future business trends, risks, and opportunities.

AI in human resources uses technologies like machine learning and natural language processing to automate repetitive tasks, provide data-driven insights, and personalize employee experiences. This helps HR professionals streamline operations, make more informed decisions about talent acquisition and development, and improve efficiency, allowing them to focus on strategic and human-centric initiatives.

Laws and guidelines governing the ethical and responsible development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence technologies.

The use of artificial intelligence to enhance creativity, product design, and innovation processes.

An AI-augmented workforce is a collaborative environment where human employees use artificial intelligence to enhance their capabilities, rather than being replaced by it. In this model, AI handles repetitive tasks, analyzes large datasets, and provides insights, freeing up humans to focus on work that requires creativity, judgment, and empathy. This human-machine partnership aims to increase overall productivity, improve efficiency, and drive innovation

The process of using artificial intelligence algorithms and data analytics to support or automate strategic decisions.

The integration of artificial intelligence technologies into entrepreneurial processes to enhance efficiency and innovation.

The use of artificial intelligence technologies to collect, process, and interpret market data for identifying trends, predicting consumer behavior, and supporting strategic decision-making.

AI-driven relationship management is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into traditional systems like Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to automate tasks, personalize customer interactions, and gain deeper insights from data. It uses technologies such as machine learning and natural language processing to analyze vast amounts of customer information, enabling businesses to predict needs, tailor marketing, and improve service and sales effectiveness

A business strategy that leverages AI to improve competitive positioning and decision-making.

The application of AI tools and insights to guide leadership practices in entrepreneurial ventures.

Decision processes that rely on AI systems to improve accuracy, speed, and predictive insight.

AI-enabled organizational culture is a workplace environment where AI tools are integrated into daily practices, and the organizational culture supports their adoption by fostering a commitment to continuous learning, collaboration, and adaptability. This culture requires leadership buy-in, open communication about AI's role as a tool for augmentation rather than replacement, and strategic training programs to build skills. Key elements include leadership that champions experimentation, a focus on data-driven insights, and the creation of a psychologically safe space for employees to explore new AI applications and address concerns

Using AI technologies to analyze market data, trends, and consumer behavior for strategic advantage.

Systematic and repeatable errors in AI outputs resulting from biased data or design.

is a group of former graduates from an institution (like a college or company) that provides a platform for community, professional networking, and continued engagement. These networks, which can be formal or informal, allow members to stay connected for career advancement, mentorship, business opportunities, and social events. Alumni networks are valuable for both the individual graduates and the parent institution or company

An individual who provides capital for startups in exchange for ownership equity or convertible debt.

The simulation of human intelligence in machines that can perform tasks such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.

A leadership style characterized by individual control over decisions with little input from group members.

A leadership approach where one leader makes decisions unilaterally without consulting subordinates.

Automation is the use of technology and systems to perform tasks with minimal human intervention, replacing manual labor to increase efficiency, accuracy, and speed. This can range from simple tasks like a smart thermostat adjusting the temperature to complex industrial processes involving robotics and artificial intelligence

The use of automated technologies to increase efficiency and expand operations without proportional increases in cost.

Integrated systems that streamline business processes by automating repetitive tasks.

A for-profit organization legally required to consider social and environmental impact in addition to profit.

Starting and growing a business using personal savings or reinvested earnings rather than external funding.

The practice of maintaining uniform messaging, design, and customer experience across all marketing channels and markets to reinforce brand identity.

A proactive approach to ensure that critical business functions can continue during and after a disaster or crisis.

The conceptual structure outlining how a company creates, delivers, and captures value.

A formal document outlining a company’s objectives, strategy, market, and financial forecasts.

An individual who drives transformation by advocating for and implementing organizational change.

A leadership style based on personal charm and inspiration that motivates and unites followers.

A chatbot is a computer program designed to simulate human conversation through text or voice interactions. They can be as simple as a program that responds to keywords, or as sophisticated as those using AI to understand context and provide personalized answers. Chatbots are used for various purposes, such as customer support, providing personal assistance, and navigating software

The active participation of individuals and organizations in addressing societal challenges and influencing policy outcomes.

Policies and laws aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change through emission controls, sustainability standards, and environmental accountability.

A set of principles guiding professional conduct and decision-making.

The process of enabling individuals or groups to gain control over decisions affecting their communities.

Digital tools that facilitate participation and collaboration among community stakeholders.

The process of preparing alternative actions or strategies to address unexpected events or disruptions.

An ongoing process of acquiring new knowledge and skills to adapt to changes, improve performance, and foster innovation.

Legally binding agreements between parties outlining rights, duties, and obligations.

A performance metric indicating the percentage of users who complete a desired action, such as a purchase or signup.

A legal right granting the creator of original work exclusive use and distribution rights.

The management of relationships between corporations and governments to mitigate risk, influence regulation, and build mutual trust.

The practice of applying entrepreneurial principles within established corporations to foster innovation.

A company’s commitment to ethical practices, sustainability, and community welfare.

The process by which innovation disrupts existing markets and replaces outdated technologies or practices.

The ability to generate novel and valuable ideas or solutions.

An unexpected event or situation that disrupts normal business operations and threatens an organization's reputation, finances, or survival.

The framework for managing decision-making, coordination, and accountability during emergencies or large-scale disruptions.

The process of preparing for, responding to, and recovering from major disruptive events that threaten an organization’s operations or reputation.

An organizational culture that prioritizes adaptability, transparency, and preparedness in the face of uncertainty or disruption.

The management and coordination of the movement of goods and materials across international borders is efficient and compliant.

Cross-cultural management is the practice of managing individuals and teams from different cultural backgrounds by recognizing and adapting to cultural differences. It involves understanding how varying societal cultures impact work styles, communication, and leadership to foster collaboration, drive performance, and gain a competitive advantage in a globalized world

The practice of raising small amounts of capital from a large number of people, typically online.

The capability to relate and work effectively across cultures by understanding cultural differences and adapting behaviors accordingly.

A process used by startups to understand customer needs and validate product-market fit.

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from theft, damage, or disruption by cyberattacks. It involves preventing, detecting, and responding to threats that can compromise personal and organizational information, such as malware, phishing, and identity theft.

Potential attacks or breaches targeting digital systems that can compromise data, disrupt operations, or harm reputation.

Recognizing data as a critical organizational resource that informs decision-making and innovation.

The practice of managing personal information to ensure confidentiality and regulatory compliance.

Regulations designed to protect individuals’ personal data and control how organizations collect, use, and store information.

A leadership style that encourages participation and shared decision-making among team members.

The process of building and managing a brand’s presence in digital environments.

Entrepreneurial activity that relies on digital technologies for product development and delivery.

The ability to lead organizations effectively through digital transformation and technological change.

Digital onboarding is the process of integrating a new customer, client, or employee into a company using online tools and platforms instead of manual, in-person steps. This streamlined experience can involve activities like remote identity verification, electronic contract signing, and accessing training materials, all completed digitally. The goal is to create a fast, convenient, and efficient process for the new user

The integration of digital technology into all business areas, fundamentally changing operations and value delivery.

An innovation that significantly alters an existing market by introducing simplicity, accessibility, or affordability.

was a period of rapid stock market growth in the late 1990s driven by speculation in internet-based companies, followed by a market collapse in 2000. Fueled by excitement over the World Wide Web, investors poured money into new "dot-com" startups, often with little regard for their profitability, causing inflated valuations that were ultimately unsustainable. The bubble burst when confidence waned, leading to a sharp decline in stock prices and the failure of many internet companies

A business approach that measures success through both financial and social impact.

The investigation process conducted before a business transaction to assess risks and verify information.

A systematic process of investigating and evaluating a business or project to identify potential risks, liabilities, and opportunities before making major decisions.

A financial model where income is generated from selling products or services rather than relying on donations or grants.

Market conditions, inflation, exchange rates, and economic cycles influence financial performance and growth.

Penalties or restrictions imposed by one country or group of countries on another to influence political or economic behavior.

A concise summary used to quickly describe a business idea or project to potential investors or partners.

The capacity to recognize, understand, and manage one’s own emotions and those of others.

Employee engagement is the emotional commitment employees have to their organization, their work, and its goals. It goes beyond job satisfaction and measures how enthusiastic and involved employees are, which drives them to contribute extra effort for the company's success. Engaged employees are more productive, innovative, and loyal

Employee motivation is the level of energy, commitment, and enthusiasm an employee brings to their work, driven by both internal desires and external factors. It influences a person's effort, direction, and persistence in achieving work-related goals, and is crucial for organizational success as it leads to higher productivity, better performance, and increased employee well-being

The process of granting individuals or groups the authority and confidence to make decisions and act independently.

Entrepreneurial agility is the ability of an individual or organization to quickly sense, respond to, and exploit new opportunities and challenges in the market. It involves being adaptable, flexible, and innovative to navigate unpredictable environments, make rapid decisions, and continuously improve products and strategies

A network of interconnected organizations, individuals, and resources that support entrepreneurship.

is the strategic application of innovative thinking and business acumen to the process of creating, launching, and growing a venture. It merges the opportunistic mindset of entrepreneurs with core principles of management such as planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling.

A way of thinking that embraces innovation, resilience, and opportunity recognition.

A diagnostic tool that evaluates an entrepreneur’s preparedness to launch or scale a business, including financial, operational, and psychological factors.

Ecological and environmental issues, such as sustainability, resource use, and climate change, impact operations.

The potential for damage to an organization or its operations due to environmental factors such as natural disasters, pollution, or climate change.

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An arrangement in which ownership of a venture is divided among multiple parties based on their contributions or negotiated agreements.

The responsible design, deployment, and governance of AI systems in line with moral and societal values.

Adherence to moral and ethical principles in decision-making and behavior.

Leading with integrity, fairness, and accountability while making decisions that balance profit with moral responsibility.

The implementation of strategic plans and initiatives to achieve organizational goals.

An innovation mindset that encourages experimentation, learning from failure quickly, and applying lessons to improve future performance.

The process of restoring normal operations after a failure includes identifying root causes and implementing corrective measures.

Predefined procedures and actions that an organization follows if primary systems, processes, or plans fail.

A feedback loop is a process where the output of an action is circled back and used as an input for that action, influencing future outcomes. They can be positive, which amplifies the original action (like fruit ripening), or negative, which counteracts the original action to maintain stability (like a thermostat). These loops are fundamental in many systems, from biology and climate to technology and business

The possibility of losing money due to factors such as market fluctuations, credit defaults, or liquidity constraints.

A business that aims to generate both financial returns and social impact.

is a structured, organized relationship where a senior individual (mentor) guides a less experienced one (mentee) toward specific goals, often through a company or institution. It differs from informal mentoring because it is intentionally established with defined objectives, set expectations, and planned meetings, which helps ensure fairness, structure, and progress tracking.

A business arrangement where an individual operates a company using another firm’s brand, model, and support.

A legal contract between the franchisor and franchisee outlining terms, conditions, rights, and obligations of both parties.

An individual or entity that purchases the rights to operate a business under the franchisor’s brand name and system.

A business model in which a company (franchisor) licenses its brand, operations, and intellectual property to another party (franchisee) in exchange for fees and royalties.

The company or individual that owns the overarching brand, business model, and intellectual property rights in a franchise system.

Gamification in HR is the application of game-like elements like points, badges, and leaderboards to non-game workplace processes to increase employee engagement and motivation. By making tasks like training, onboarding, and performance management more interactive and rewarding, companies can boost productivity, improve morale, and foster a more dynamic work environment

A national or corporate approach that integrates economic tools with geopolitical objectives to enhance influence and competitiveness.

Risks arising from tensions, conflicts, or changes in relations between countries that can influence trade, markets, and supply chains.

A labor market characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work rather than permanent jobs.

Adherence to international laws, trade regulations, and ethical standards to ensure lawful and responsible global operations.

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or operate on an international scale, integrating markets and cultures worldwide.

The adaptation of global business strategies to fit local markets, blending international reach with local relevance in products, services, and marketing.

The framework of rules, practices, and processes by which a company is directed and controlled to ensure accountability, fairness, and transparency.

Decisions and actions taken by a government that influence economic activity, labor markets, trade, and the overall business environment.

Artificial intelligence developed and applied to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability.

The belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort and learning.

A framework used to evaluate and plan business growth opportunities, such as market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification.

is an organized group of individuals who come together for a common purpose, typically related to a specific trade or profession. Historically, guilds were formed by craftsmen and tradespeople to protect their interests, uphold standards, and provide mutual support within their industry. In modern contexts, the term can also refer to groups that share similar ecological roles or interests.

Indirect or unforeseen expenses that are not immediately apparent but can affect profitability and performance.

HR analytics is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data about employees to improve business outcomes. This data-driven approach helps organizations make informed decisions about workforce management, such as recruitment, employee engagement, performance, and retention. Instead of relying on intuition, HR analytics uses data to gain insights into workforce dynamics and demonstrate the impact of HR initiatives.

HRIS, which stands for Human Resources Information System, is software that collects, stores, and manages employee data while automating core HR processes like payroll, benefits administration, and time and attendance tracking. It helps organizations streamline HR functions, reduce manual paperwork, and make data-driven decisions by providing a centralized, digital database for employee information

Human resource management (HRM) is the practice of efficiently managing an organization's employees by overseeing functions like recruitment, compensation, training, and employee relations. It involves a strategic approach to managing human capital to ensure the workforce can meet the company's goals, covering everything from onboarding and performance management to ensuring legal compliance and a positive workplace culture

Investing in organizations that generate measurable social or environmental benefits alongside financial returns.

The process of assessing and quantifying the outcomes of social or environmental initiatives.

Innovation that ensures equitable participation and benefits across diverse social groups.

An organization providing resources, mentorship, and workspace to support early-stage startups.

is a relationship where a less structured, spontaneous connection provides guidance and support, unlike a formal program with assigned pairings. These relationships often develop naturally from mutual respect and shared interests in places like the workplace, school, or through extracurricular activities. Key characteristics include flexibility, long-lasting bonds, and the potential for mentees to receive broader benefits

The creation and implementation of new ideas, products, or processes that add value.

Designated environments for experimentation and development of new products, services, or ideas.

The ability to develop creative solutions and new strategies when resources, time, or external conditions are limited.

The threat of instability or failure within major institutions, such as governments or regulatory bodies, affects market operations.

The reliability and consistency of governing bodies, legal frameworks, and financial systems that support long-term business operations.

Legal rights protecting creations of the mind, including inventions, designs, and artistic works.

A learning-oriented approach to failure that encourages experimentation and informed risk-taking.

A partnership between two or more companies from different countries that collaborate to achieve shared business goals while maintaining their separate legal identities.

Rules or standards established by international organizations to govern global trade, finance, environmental practices, and human rights.

Entrepreneurial behavior practiced within an established organization to drive innovation.

Laws governing employment practices, minimum wages, worker rights, and collective bargaining that impact business costs and operations.

A hands-off leadership style that allows employees high autonomy in decision-making.

The ability to influence, motivate, and guide others toward achieving common goals.

The capacity to adapt leadership styles and strategies based on situational demands.

A structured plan outlining goals and strategies for developing leadership capabilities.

The characteristic approach an individual uses to guide, motivate, and manage others.

A methodology emphasizing rapid experimentation, validated learning, and iterative product development.

An LMS platform is a software application for managing, delivering, and tracking online learning and training programs. It centralizes educational content, handles user roles, and provides tools for instructors and administrators to create and administer courses, monitor student progress, and generate reports. Many modern LMS platforms are cloud-based, offering features like AI-powered personalization and interactive content to create flexible, scalable, and engaging learning experiences. Common LMS systems include Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle, and Brightspace.

The adherence to laws, regulations, and ethical standards relevant to business operations.

Laws, regulations, and legal frameworks that affect business practices and obligations.

The risk of financial loss or reputational damage resulting from violations of laws, regulations, or contractual obligations.

Legal responsibility for one’s actions or omissions in business contexts.

The process of adapting a product, service, or content to meet the language, cultural, and regulatory requirements of a specific market or region.

The coordination of resources and people to achieve organizational objectives effectively and efficiently.

A planned method by which a company delivers goods or services to a new target market, considering factors like risk, cost, and competitive advantage.

The process of confirming market demand for a product or service before full-scale launch.

A developmental relationship where a more experienced individual provides guidance and support to another.

A strategic combination of two or more companies into a single entity to achieve synergies, expand market reach, or increase efficiency.

A simplified version of a product used to test market assumptions with minimal resources.

The consistency between organizational actions and its stated mission or values.

The gradual deviation of an organization’s focus away from its core mission.

The gradual shift away from an organization’s original mission or purpose due to external pressures or changing priorities.

Maintaining commitment to an organization’s core purpose and values, even during crises or shifting external conditions.

The process by which a government takes ownership and control of private assets or industries, typically to serve public interests or strategic objectives.

The practice of building professional relationships to exchange knowledge and opportunities.

An organization that operates for a social purpose rather than profit distribution.

The ability of an organization to deliver products or services in the most cost-effective manner without compromising quality, often through process optimization.

The administration of business practices to achieve efficiency and effectiveness in daily operations.

The potential for loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, systems, human error, or external events.

The administration of business practices aimed at ensuring maximum efficiency within an organization, focusing on converting materials and labor into goods and services as efficiently as possible.

External conditions or trends that could be leveraged for growth or advantage.

The ability to identify and evaluate potential business or innovation opportunities.

Business expansion is achieved through internal development, such as increasing output, customer base, or new product launches, rather than through mergers or acquisitions.

Organizational culture is the shared set of unwritten rules, values, beliefs, and behaviors that shape how employees work together and interact within a company. It defines the collective personality and identity of the workplace, influencing everything from decision-making and employee performance to the company's overall strategy and how it is perceived by outsiders

Outsourcing is the business practice of contracting internal tasks, operations, or services to an external third-party organization. This can include functions like customer service, IT, manufacturing, or payroll, and is done to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and allow the company to focus on its core competencies.

A legal form of business operation between two or more individuals who share management, profits, and liabilities.

An exclusive right granted for an invention, providing protection against unauthorized use.

A strategic tool for evaluating Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors affecting an organization.

A strategic framework used to evaluate external macro-environmental factors affecting an organization: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental.

The act of promoting the welfare of others through generous donations of money or time.

A presentation used by startups to communicate their business model, value proposition, and funding needs to investors.

A structured change in business strategy to test a new approach or direction.

The transformation of industries by digital platforms that alter traditional value chains.

The act of influencing government or organizational policy decisions through research, engagement, and coalition-building.

The study of how political forces influence economic policies and outcomes, shaping how resources are distributed within societies.

Government policies, regulations, and political stability that affect business operations and strategic decisions.

The potential for losses or disruptions caused by political events, government actions, or instability in a country that affects business operations.

The degree to which a government is predictable, consistent, and free from major upheaval, directly affects business confidence and investment.

The evaluation of a company’s range of products, services, or investments to allocate resources effectively and balance risk versus return.

The use of data, statistical algorithms, and machine learning to forecast future outcomes.

are organizations for individuals in a specific field to network, share knowledge, and advance their careers. These groups maintain professional standards, advocate for their industry, and offer benefits like educational resources, career development opportunities, and networking events. Members often pay dues and adhere to a code of ethics

Psychological safety in the workplace refers to a shared belief among team members that it is safe to take interpersonal risks, express opinions, ask questions, and make mistakes without fear of negative consequences

An evaluation of how proposed laws, regulations, or policies will affect business, society, and the environment.

Building and managing a business with a focus on social impact, sustainability, and ethical responsibility alongside profit generation.

A marketing approach that aligns brand messaging with social values and a higher purpose to foster customer loyalty and trust.

In reciprocal mentoring, sometimes known as “co–mentoring”, two people work together through a mentoring process in which they both take on the roles of Mentor and Mentee. This could be done by each participating in both roles, or by each person taking a primary role as Mentor or Mentee, but being willing to exchange roles from time to time.

Recruitment is the process of identifying, attracting, and hiring qualified candidates for open positions within an organization. It involves the entire cycle from recognizing a staffing need to filling the role, including creating job descriptions, advertising vacancies, screening applications, interviewing candidates, and onboarding the new hire

The process of changing or updating laws and regulations to improve efficiency, transparency, or competitiveness in a particular sector.

Remote work is a flexible work arrangement where employees perform their job duties outside of a traditional office environment, enabled by technology like the internet, collaborative software, and video conferencing. It can be fully remote, where an employee works from anywhere, or a hybrid model where they split their time between home and the office. This model offers advantages like flexibility for employees and cost savings for employers, but can also present challenges like potential isolation and difficulties with the separation of work and home life

The potential harm to an organization’s image, brand, or stakeholder trust due to negative publicity or misconduct.

The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and maintain performance under stress.

The ability of an organization to adapt, recover, and continue functioning effectively after facing disruption or adversity.

An organizational plan that enables recovery, adaptation, and growth in the face of political, social, or economic challenges.

In business, retention is the ability of a company to keep its customers and employees over a period of time. It is measured by calculating the percentage of customers who return or the percentage of employees who remain with the company, which indicates success in keeping them loyal and engaged. High retention is linked to increased profitability and a stronger, more stable business

The possibility of loss, harm, or adverse outcomes resulting from uncertainty in business decisions, external factors, or operational failures.

The process of identifying, analyzing, and evaluating potential risks that could negatively impact an organization’s objectives.

The practice of spreading investments and operations across multiple regions, sectors, or markets to reduce exposure to specific risks.

The visualization of risks based on their likelihood and impact to prioritize management efforts.

The development and implementation of strategies to reduce the likelihood or impact of identified risks.

is an individual's or organization's ability and willingness to accept risk or uncertainty to achieve a desired outcome, such as financial goals
. It involves both psychological comfort with risk (willingness) and the financial capacity to withstand potential losses (ability), and it is influenced by factors like age, financial situation, goals, and time horizon.

Ongoing payments made by the franchisee to the franchisor, typically calculated as a percentage of gross sales, for continued use of the brand and support services.

The ability of a business model or system to handle growth effectively.

The ability of a business or system to handle increasing levels of work or to be readily enlarged to accommodate that growth without compromising performance or quality.

Scalability in business is the ability of a company to handle increased demand, growth, and workload while maintaining or improving performance and efficiency. A scalable business can grow without a proportional increase in costs, allowing it to serve more customers, expand into new markets, or increase revenue without compromising quality. This is achieved through flexible systems, efficient processes, and strategic planning that anticipates future needs

A strategic planning method used to anticipate possible future events by analyzing different hypothetical situations and their potential outcomes.

A strategic foresight technique used to explore and prepare for multiple possible future environments and policy outcomes.

Early-stage capital provided to startups to support initial product development and market entry.

A leadership philosophy prioritizing the growth and well-being of team members and communities.

A leadership model that adapts style based on followers’ competence and commitment levels.

is the value derived from social networks and relationships, encompassing the trust, norms, and connections that enable individuals and communities to work together effectively. It provides resources, fosters cooperation, and leads to positive outcomes like better health, education, and economic opportunities. Social capital can be categorized into three main types: bonding (within similar groups), bridging (across different groups), and linking (connecting to people in power)

The practice of developing ventures that address social problems through innovative solutions.

Demographic, cultural, and lifestyle trends that shape consumer behavior and workforce dynamics.

The measurable effect of an organization’s actions on society or the environment.

The creation of new ideas and practices aimed at solving social challenges.

Collective public dissatisfaction or protests can disrupt business operations, damage property, or reduce market stability.

A stakeholder is any individual, group, or party with an interest in a company or project who can affect or be affected by its actions. Stakeholders can be internal, such as employees and shareholders, or external, including customers, suppliers, the community, and the government. The term is broad, encompassing anyone who has a "stake" or interest in an organization's decisions and outcomes.

The process of engaging and informing all parties affected by organizational decisions, ensuring transparency and trust.

The process of involving relevant parties in decision-making and organizational activities.

Confidence that stakeholders have in an organization’s integrity and competence.

established or prescribed methods to be followed routinely for the performance of designated operations or in designated situations also called a standing operating procedure

A newly established business focused on developing innovative products or services in uncertain markets.

The ability of an organization to rapidly adapt its strategy and operations in response to political or environmental changes.

A cooperative agreement between two or more organizations to pursue shared objectives while remaining independent entities.

The alignment between a company’s resources, capabilities, and overall strategy with its market opportunities and partnerships.

The practice of influencing others to make decisions that enhance an organization’s long-term success.

Internal attributes that give an organization a competitive advantage.

Interruptions in the flow of goods and materials across the supply chain due to political events, natural disasters, or other crises.

The practice of meeting present needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet theirs.

The process of growing a business in a way that balances profitability with environmental responsibility, social equity, and long-term stability.

An assessment tool examining Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Trends to inform strategy.

A strategic planning tool used to identify an organization's internal Strengths and Weaknesses, as well as external Opportunities, Threats, and Trends.

The concept that the combined value and performance of two companies will be greater than the sum of their separate parts following a merger, acquisition, or collaboration.

Government rules and strategies governing taxation influence business investment decisions, profitability, and market competitiveness.

Innovations and advancements that drive operational efficiency, product development, and competitive advantage.

The potential for loss or disruption due to technology failures, cyberattacks, or obsolescence.

Entrepreneurial activity focused on developing and commercializing technological innovations.

Technology integration is the process of using technology tools and resources to enhance learning and achieve educational or business goals. In education, it involves embedding digital tools —such as computers, software, and the internet — into daily lessons so that technology becomes a seamless part of how students learn, analyze, and present information. For businesses, it means integrating various technologies into daily operations to improve efficiency and innovation.

Technology-enabled networking uses digital tools, platforms, and software to connect and build relationships with people for professional and personal growth. This approach extends beyond traditional in-person interactions, allowing individuals to connect with a global network and maintain relationships more efficiently

Definition

Thought leadership is the practice of a person or firm becoming a recognized expert in a specific field by sharing innovative ideas and insights to influence and inspire others. It involves providing valuable, expert content to build authority, establish credibility, and shape industry conversation. Effective thought leadership requires a deep understanding of an industry, original research, strategic content creation, and consistent audience engagement

External factors that could negatively impact an organization’s success or stability.

Taxes imposed by a government on imported or exported goods to regulate trade, protect domestic industries, or influence foreign policy.

The creation of a business based on established models and market practices.

Transactional leadership is a management style that uses a system of rewards and punishments to motivate employees and maintain performance. Leaders clearly define goals and expectations, offering incentives like bonuses or praise for good work and imposing corrective actions for poor performance. This approach is task-oriented, focusing on short-term goals, order, and existing structures rather than inspiring long-term vision or innovation.

A leadership approach that inspires and motivates followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes.

The open sharing of information and decision-making processes to build trust and accountability.

The examination of data over time to identify consistent patterns that can inform strategic decisions.

Patterns or movements in the external environment that influence industry dynamics and strategic direction.

A framework measuring organizational success through social, environmental, and financial performance.

The lack of complete knowledge about future events or outcomes affects decision-making and planning.

Upskilling is the process of learning new skills to improve performance in your current job, "leveling up" your existing role to become more effective and efficient. It involves training for new technologies, modern techniques, or enhanced abilities to handle more advanced responsibilities, and can be achieved through employer-sponsored programs, professional development courses, or self-study

The unique value a company promises to deliver to its customers through its products or services.

Investment provided to early-stage companies with high growth potential in exchange for equity.

A clear and aspirational statement of what an organization seeks to achieve in the future.

The alignment of team or organizational goals with its overarching vision.

Internal factors that limit or hinder an organization’s performance or competitiveness

An emerging internet paradigm based on blockchain that prioritizes transparency and user control.

Policies ensuring individuals can report misconduct without fear of retaliation.

Workforce planning is the strategic process of aligning an organization's current workforce with its future needs to meet business objectives. It involves assessing current talent, forecasting future requirements, identifying gaps, and creating plans to bridge those gaps through strategies like hiring, training, and retention. The goal is to ensure the right number of skilled people are in the right roles at the right time