{"id":5,"date":"2023-02-17T16:25:09","date_gmt":"2023-02-17T16:25:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test-hcc-press-wp-multisite.pantheonsite.io\/bsc2010l\/?p=5"},"modified":"2025-10-29T16:34:32","modified_gmt":"2025-10-29T16:34:32","slug":"chapter-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/chapter\/chapter-1\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 2 - Microscope","rendered":"Chapter 2 &#8211; Microscope"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Microscope<\/h2>\r\n<h3><strong>BACKGROUND<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nA microscope is an essential instrument for magnifying small things for visualization. Microscopes allow scientists to visualize tiny organisms and magnify structures, giving a contrasting image. Microscopes are made up of lenses for magnification, each with its magnification powers. Depending on the lens type, it will magnify the specimen according to its focal strength.\r\n\r\nThe Cell Theory states that all biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life come from preexisting life. The cell theory is so established today that it forms one of the unifying principles of biology.\r\n\r\nThe word cell was first used by Robert Hooke (1635\u20131703) when he looked at cork with a simple microscope and found what appeared to be blocks of material making up the cork. The term today describes a microscopic unit of life that separates itself from its surroundings by a thin partition, the cell membrane.\r\n\r\nThe earliest known cells are called the [pb_glossary id=\"182\"]prokaryotic cells[\/pb_glossary]. They were found in the fossilized sediments from 3.5 billion years ago. The prokaryotes lack nuclei and membrane-bound nucleus organelles. Cells with well-defined nucleus and membrane bound nuclei are called [pb_glossary id=\"183\"]eukaryotic[\/pb_glossary] cells did not appear in the fossil records for another 2 billion years.\r\n<h3>Compound Microscope<\/h3>\r\nThere are several types of microscopes, but the two types you will utilize in this class are known as the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"199\"]compound light microscope[\/pb_glossary] <\/strong>and the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"200\"]stereo microscope[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. A compound light microscope is used to look at cells, tissues, and microscopic organisms. The compound microscopes magnify specimens from 40 to 1000 times. A stereo microscope, also known as a dissecting microscope, is used to look at live specimens and large specimens.\r\n\r\nThere are typically two light features, a top light and a bottom light. The top light (incident lighting) is used to illuminate the surface of the specimen. The bottom light source (transmitted lighting)is used to shine light up through a translucent specimen.\r\n\r\nWhile the Light microscopes use the power of the light, the more advanced microscopes are Electron microscopes that leverage the energy of electrons. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition of the sample\r\n\r\nParts of a Microscope and their function\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Ocular<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nosepiece<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Objectives<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Arm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mechanical stage<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stage adjustment knobs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Substage condenser<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Aperture diaphragm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Light source<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Base<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Coarse focus adjustment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fine focus adjustment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_174\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-174 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"The diagram displayed shows the parts of a compound light microscope. The different parts are Ocular lens, Arm, Rotating Nosepiece, Objective lenses, Stage clips, Stage, Diaphragm, Focus (Course &amp; Fine), Illuminator, Base.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" \/> The Compound Light Microscope[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-743 \" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Objective-Lenses-1024x576-1-300x145.png\" alt=\"This picture shows the different types of objective lenses, They are Scanning (4X), Low Power (10X) High Power (40X) and Oil Immersion (100X)\" width=\"371\" height=\"179\" \/>\r\n<h3><strong>Learn the parts of the microscope (activity)<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Visit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbionetwork.org\/iet\/microscope\/\"><strong>NC BioNetwork Virtual Microscope<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on \u201cExplore\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on \"Learn\" to learn their name and function<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Electron Microscope<\/h3>\r\nAn\u00a0<b>[pb_glossary id=\"202\"]electron microscop[\/pb_glossary]e<\/b>\u00a0is a\u00a0microscope\u00a0that uses a beam of\u00a0electrons\u00a0as a source of illumination. They use\u00a0electron optics that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy\u00a0technique in which a beam of\u00a0electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nTransmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes. The TEM has the added advantage of greater resolution. This increased resolution allows the viewer to study ultrastructure of organelles, viruses and macromolecules. \u00a0TEMs find application in cancer research, virology, and nanotechnology and in other fields as well.\r\n\r\nScanning electron microscope uses an electron beam emitted from an\u00a0electron gun\u00a0fitted with a tungsten filament\u00a0cathode. Tungsten is normally used in thermionic electron guns because it has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals. The electrons interact with\u00a0atoms\u00a0in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface\u00a0topography and composition of the sample.\r\n\r\nMore information regarding electron microscope is available at\r\n\r\n<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmrf.research.uiowa.edu\/methodology\">The Univeristy of Iowa, Central Microscopy Research Facilities<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/wolfson-bioimaging\/equipment\/electron-microscopy\/\"><strong>University of Bristol, Wolfson Bioimaging Facility<\/strong> <\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h4>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Microscopic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compound Light Microscope<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Electron Microscope<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stereo Microscope<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Objective Lenses<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ocular Lens<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wavelength of Light<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Magnification<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Resolution<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Beam of electrons<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Objectives<\/h4>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify the parts of a compound light microscope and know the function of each part.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate between the types of microscopes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use proper microscope technique to view slides.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be able to focus a microscope under each objective<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be able to calculate total magnification of an image.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use oil immersion.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Materials<\/h4>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Compound light microscope<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lens paper<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Clean slide &amp; coverslip<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Prepared slide \u2013 letter \u201ce\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Three bacteria types slide<\/li>\r\n \t<li>DI water bottle<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dropper bottle with immersion oil<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">PRE-ASSESSMENT<\/h4>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Name the four types of Objective lenses and their magnifications.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the energy source for compound light microscope?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the energy source for electron microscope?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Name two structures found in both light and electron microscopes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What kind of stains are used for preparing specimens for electron microscope?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise Prep<\/h4>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<h3>PROCEDURE<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Preparing the Compound microscope:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Plug in your microscope and turn on the light source.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You may move the\u00a0<em>oculars<\/em>\u00a0<em>(eyepieces) (10x)<\/em>\u00a0closer or further apart to adjust to the distance between your eyes. Look into the oculars and adjust them so that you see one circle of white light (not 2).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>One of your oculars also has a\u00a0<em>diopter adjustment ring<\/em>\u00a0used to adjust focus to account for differences in visual acuity between your two eyes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It would be best to always clean the microscope lenses before and after each use. A dirty microscope can severely impair your ability to see an image. If necessary, use lens cleaner and lens paper to clean all the glass surfaces on your microscope and slide. You MUST only use lens paper to clean the microscope lenses; never use Kimwipes or paper towels!<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using the Microscope\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Place the slide on the stage, securing the slide in place with the stage clip. Using the <em>stage adjustment knobs<\/em>, position the slide so the specimen is positioned directly over your light source. You can do this using your naked eye; you do not need to look in the oculars yet.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Make sure your\u00a0<em>scanning objective lens (4x)\u00a0<\/em>is positioned in place before continuing. Using the\u00a0<em>coarse adjustment knob<\/em>, move the stage as close as possible to the scanning lens.\u00a0ALWAYS start with the scanning objective lens. You may want to jump ahead to other magnifications but restrain your impulse.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Look through the oculars while slowly turning the coarse adjustment knob to lower the stage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When you can distinguish the object on the slide, switch to the\u00a0<em>fine adjustment knob<\/em>\u00a0to finish focusing. Please make sure the object is focused and completely clear to see.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Make sure your object is centered in the field of view before continuing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Move the nosepiece so the\u00a0<em>low-power objective lens (10x)<\/em>\u00a0is over the slide. These microscopes are\u00a0<em>parfocal<\/em>, meaning the object viewed should stay primarily focused when you change the magnification. Use the\u00a0<em>fine adjustment knob<\/em>\u00a0to focus if necessary.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Once again, ensure the object is centered in the field of view before continuing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Flip to the\u00a0<em>high-power objective lens (40x)<\/em>.\u00a0 \u00a0From this point on, use only the fine adjustment knob to focus!\u00a0Using the coarse adjustment knob could lead to broken slides or microscopes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In later exercises, you will use one more objective lens, the <em>oil immersion objective lens (100x).<\/em>\u00a0The oil immersion lens is specifically designed for use with oil which has the same refractive index as the glass of the lens. Due to the uninterrupted refractory area from lens to slide, the oil immersion lens can produce greater resolution than dry lenses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You may adjust the contrast on your image in two ways:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Adjust <\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">the\u00a0<\/span>diaphragm <span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">to allow more or less light to illuminate your slide.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Using <\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">the dimmer switch is typically associated with turning the microscope light on and off.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 1 - <u>Letter E<\/u><\/h4>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Take a letter \"e\" slide and follow steps 1a through 2e from \"General Rules for Microscope Use\" above. You should be able to see the letter \"e.\"<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">With your naked eye, look at the positioning of the \"e\" on your slide (the specimen). Now look at the \"e\" position through the oculars (the image).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Now let's try a demonstration. Using the\u00a0<\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">mechanical stage adjustment knobs<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, move the slide until half of your letter \"e\" is no longer visible in your\u00a0<\/span><em>field of view<\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">. Change to the low-power objective lens. You may focus at this point, but don't move the slide!\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Return to the scanning objective lens and center your \"e\" in your field of view.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Now continue through the abovementioned steps in \"General Rules for Microscope Use.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Choose an appropriate magnification for your letter \"e.\" You want your image of the \"e\" to be as large as possible without the magnification so large that parts of the \"e\" disappear from your field of view. You may notice that your \"e\" appears to be a solid black on the lower magnification levels, but on higher magnifications, the \"e\" appears composed of many small printed black dots. The ability of a microscope to separate and distinguish between two dots divided by a small space is known as resolving power.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 2 - TYPES of BACTERIA<\/h4>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The most powerful lens of the light microscope is the 100x oil immersion objective lens. Because light is refracted every time it passes through a medium with a different refractive index (air to glass or vice versa), the quality of the image is reduced with each passage. Thus, clarity, brilliance, and resolving power are preserved by reducing the number of such passages to a minimum.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Three critical rules attend the use of this lens:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Never use an oil immersion lens without the oil.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Never get oil on any other lens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Clean up all oil when finished.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">You will need to place the three bacteria types slide on the microscope.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Focus at low power\u00a0(4x); increase magnification to 10x by rotating the turret, and refocus and focus on the 40x objective.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rotate the turret to 40x objective, and locate the desired portion of the specimen in the center of the field. Refocus very carefully so that the specimen is focused as sharply as possible.\u00a0<em>(Do not alter focus for the following steps<\/em>\u00a0)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Move the objective \u00bd way to the 100x objective and STOP!\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"ql-indent-1\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Place a drop of immersion oil onto the specimen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"ql-indent-1\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Slide the 100x objective through the immersion oil; this prevents the lens from scratching.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Focus\u00a0<\/span>only<span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0with fine focus. Hopefully, the specimen will come into focus quickly. Keep focus the same. If you still have trouble, move the slide slightly left and right, looking for movement in the visual field, and focus on the object which moved.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<em>NOTE:\u00a0DO NOT USE THE COURSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB!<\/em>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Never return to the 10x or 40x objectives<span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> after applying oil to the specimen since oil can ruin the lower power objectives. (The 4x objective can be used because it is high enough to be above the oil).<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">When you are done, remove the slide and clean it. Wipe oil from the slide thoroughly with a Kimwipe. Cleanse stage if any oil has spilled on it. Recap the immersion oil container securely,<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Use lens paper to clean the 100x objective \u2013 keep cleaning until the paper no longer becomes transparent or wet looking. Then check the 40x and clean that also- just oil case you got some on it.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 3 - ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (OPTIONAL)<\/h4>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nUsing the resources provided by instructor, review the procedures used in preparation and viewing for electron microscopy.\r\n\r\nWebsites\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/wolfson-bioimaging\/equipment\/electron-microscopy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Detailed procedure for fixing, embedding and staining tissues in electron microscopy<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>CLEAN-UP<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>After the completion of the lab, please turn off the light and unplug the cord.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Clean all glass parts of the microscope (including the objective lenses, oculars and light source) with lens cleaner and lens paper.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Clean the mechanical stage, to remove any water or stain on the stage.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Move the nosepiece until the scanning objective lens is positioned in place.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Neatly coil the power cord and tie it securely with a twist tie.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0Post-Lab Questions (Lab Report)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nCopy and paste these questions in a document and answer them.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Which objective is used to first locate the specimen? Which objective provides the largest field of view?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the orientation of the letter 'e' on the slide compared to how it appears through the oculars.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is it possible to tell what order the threads are stacked on the slide (top, middle, bottom)? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the total magnification of the specimen under low power? Under high power?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h4><strong>Licenses and Attributions<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\" rel=\"cc:attributionURL\">Biology I Cellular Processes Laboratory Manual<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0The authors &amp; Hillsborough Community College\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h2>Microscope<\/h2>\n<h3><strong>BACKGROUND<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A microscope is an essential instrument for magnifying small things for visualization. Microscopes allow scientists to visualize tiny organisms and magnify structures, giving a contrasting image. Microscopes are made up of lenses for magnification, each with its magnification powers. Depending on the lens type, it will magnify the specimen according to its focal strength.<\/p>\n<p>The Cell Theory states that all biological organisms are composed of cells; cells are the unit of life and all life come from preexisting life. The cell theory is so established today that it forms one of the unifying principles of biology.<\/p>\n<p>The word cell was first used by Robert Hooke (1635\u20131703) when he looked at cork with a simple microscope and found what appeared to be blocks of material making up the cork. The term today describes a microscopic unit of life that separates itself from its surroundings by a thin partition, the cell membrane.<\/p>\n<p>The earliest known cells are called the <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"5-182\">prokaryotic cells<\/button>. They were found in the fossilized sediments from 3.5 billion years ago. The prokaryotes lack nuclei and membrane-bound nucleus organelles. Cells with well-defined nucleus and membrane bound nuclei are called <button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"5-183\">eukaryotic<\/button> cells did not appear in the fossil records for another 2 billion years.<\/p>\n<h3>Compound Microscope<\/h3>\n<p>There are several types of microscopes, but the two types you will utilize in this class are known as the <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"5-199\">compound light microscope<\/button> <\/strong>and the <strong><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"5-200\">stereo microscope<\/button><\/strong>. A compound light microscope is used to look at cells, tissues, and microscopic organisms. The compound microscopes magnify specimens from 40 to 1000 times. A stereo microscope, also known as a dissecting microscope, is used to look at live specimens and large specimens.<\/p>\n<p>There are typically two light features, a top light and a bottom light. The top light (incident lighting) is used to illuminate the surface of the specimen. The bottom light source (transmitted lighting)is used to shine light up through a translucent specimen.<\/p>\n<p>While the Light microscopes use the power of the light, the more advanced microscopes are Electron microscopes that leverage the energy of electrons. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition of the sample<\/p>\n<p>Parts of a Microscope and their function<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ocular<\/li>\n<li>Body<\/li>\n<li>Nosepiece<\/li>\n<li>Objectives<\/li>\n<li>Arm<\/li>\n<li>Mechanical stage<\/li>\n<li>Stage adjustment knobs<\/li>\n<li>Substage condenser<\/li>\n<li>Aperture diaphragm<\/li>\n<li>Light source<\/li>\n<li>Base<\/li>\n<li>Coarse focus adjustment<\/li>\n<li>Fine focus adjustment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_174\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-174\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-174 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1-1024x576.png\" alt=\"The diagram displayed shows the parts of a compound light microscope. The different parts are Ocular lens, Arm, Rotating Nosepiece, Objective lenses, Stage clips, Stage, Diaphragm, Focus (Course &amp; Fine), Illuminator, Base.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1-350x197.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Microscope-description-1.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-174\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Compound Light Microscope<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-743\" src=\"http:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Objective-Lenses-1024x576-1-300x145.png\" alt=\"This picture shows the different types of objective lenses, They are Scanning (4X), Low Power (10X) High Power (40X) and Oil Immersion (100X)\" width=\"371\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Objective-Lenses-1024x576-1-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Objective-Lenses-1024x576-1-65x31.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Objective-Lenses-1024x576-1-225x109.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Objective-Lenses-1024x576-1-350x169.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/02\/Objective-Lenses-1024x576-1.png 719w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Learn the parts of the microscope (activity)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Visit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbionetwork.org\/iet\/microscope\/\"><strong>NC BioNetwork Virtual Microscope<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Click on \u201cExplore\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Click on &#8220;Learn&#8221; to learn their name and function<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Electron Microscope<\/h3>\n<p>An\u00a0<b><button class=\"glossary-term\" aria-describedby=\"5-202\">electron microscop<\/button>e<\/b>\u00a0is a\u00a0microscope\u00a0that uses a beam of\u00a0electrons\u00a0as a source of illumination. They use\u00a0electron optics that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.<\/li>\n<li>Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy\u00a0technique in which a beam of\u00a0electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes. The TEM has the added advantage of greater resolution. This increased resolution allows the viewer to study ultrastructure of organelles, viruses and macromolecules. \u00a0TEMs find application in cancer research, virology, and nanotechnology and in other fields as well.<\/p>\n<p>Scanning electron microscope uses an electron beam emitted from an\u00a0electron gun\u00a0fitted with a tungsten filament\u00a0cathode. Tungsten is normally used in thermionic electron guns because it has the highest melting point and lowest vapor pressure of all metals. The electrons interact with\u00a0atoms\u00a0in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface\u00a0topography and composition of the sample.<\/p>\n<p>More information regarding electron microscope is available at<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmrf.research.uiowa.edu\/methodology\">The Univeristy of Iowa, Central Microscopy Research Facilities<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/wolfson-bioimaging\/equipment\/electron-microscopy\/\"><strong>University of Bristol, Wolfson Bioimaging Facility<\/strong> <\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/h4>\n<\/header>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Microscopic<\/li>\n<li>Compound Light Microscope<\/li>\n<li>Electron Microscope<\/li>\n<li>Stereo Microscope<\/li>\n<li>Objective Lenses<\/li>\n<li>Ocular Lens<\/li>\n<li>Wavelength of Light<\/li>\n<li>Magnification<\/li>\n<li>Resolution<\/li>\n<li>Beam of electrons<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Objectives<\/h4>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Identify the parts of a compound light microscope and know the function of each part.<\/li>\n<li>Differentiate between the types of microscopes.<\/li>\n<li>Use proper microscope technique to view slides.<\/li>\n<li>Be able to focus a microscope under each objective<\/li>\n<li>Be able to calculate total magnification of an image.<\/li>\n<li>Use oil immersion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Materials<\/h4>\n<\/header>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Compound light microscope<\/li>\n<li>Lens paper<\/li>\n<li>Clean slide &amp; coverslip<\/li>\n<li>Prepared slide \u2013 letter \u201ce\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Three bacteria types slide<\/li>\n<li>DI water bottle<\/li>\n<li>Dropper bottle with immersion oil<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">PRE-ASSESSMENT<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>Name the four types of Objective lenses and their magnifications.<\/li>\n<li>What is the energy source for compound light microscope?<\/li>\n<li>What is the energy source for electron microscope?<\/li>\n<li>Name two structures found in both light and electron microscopes.<\/li>\n<li>What kind of stains are used for preparing specimens for electron microscope?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise Prep<\/h4>\n<\/header>\n<h3>PROCEDURE<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Preparing the Compound microscope:\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li>Plug in your microscope and turn on the light source.<\/li>\n<li>You may move the\u00a0<em>oculars<\/em>\u00a0<em>(eyepieces) (10x)<\/em>\u00a0closer or further apart to adjust to the distance between your eyes. Look into the oculars and adjust them so that you see one circle of white light (not 2).<\/li>\n<li>One of your oculars also has a\u00a0<em>diopter adjustment ring<\/em>\u00a0used to adjust focus to account for differences in visual acuity between your two eyes.<\/li>\n<li>It would be best to always clean the microscope lenses before and after each use. A dirty microscope can severely impair your ability to see an image. If necessary, use lens cleaner and lens paper to clean all the glass surfaces on your microscope and slide. You MUST only use lens paper to clean the microscope lenses; never use Kimwipes or paper towels!<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Using the Microscope\n<ol>\n<li>Place the slide on the stage, securing the slide in place with the stage clip. Using the <em>stage adjustment knobs<\/em>, position the slide so the specimen is positioned directly over your light source. You can do this using your naked eye; you do not need to look in the oculars yet.<\/li>\n<li>Make sure your\u00a0<em>scanning objective lens (4x)\u00a0<\/em>is positioned in place before continuing. Using the\u00a0<em>coarse adjustment knob<\/em>, move the stage as close as possible to the scanning lens.\u00a0ALWAYS start with the scanning objective lens. You may want to jump ahead to other magnifications but restrain your impulse.<\/li>\n<li>Look through the oculars while slowly turning the coarse adjustment knob to lower the stage.<\/li>\n<li>When you can distinguish the object on the slide, switch to the\u00a0<em>fine adjustment knob<\/em>\u00a0to finish focusing. Please make sure the object is focused and completely clear to see.<\/li>\n<li>Make sure your object is centered in the field of view before continuing.<\/li>\n<li>Move the nosepiece so the\u00a0<em>low-power objective lens (10x)<\/em>\u00a0is over the slide. These microscopes are\u00a0<em>parfocal<\/em>, meaning the object viewed should stay primarily focused when you change the magnification. Use the\u00a0<em>fine adjustment knob<\/em>\u00a0to focus if necessary.<\/li>\n<li>Once again, ensure the object is centered in the field of view before continuing.<\/li>\n<li>Flip to the\u00a0<em>high-power objective lens (40x)<\/em>.\u00a0 \u00a0From this point on, use only the fine adjustment knob to focus!\u00a0Using the coarse adjustment knob could lead to broken slides or microscopes.<\/li>\n<li>In later exercises, you will use one more objective lens, the <em>oil immersion objective lens (100x).<\/em>\u00a0The oil immersion lens is specifically designed for use with oil which has the same refractive index as the glass of the lens. Due to the uninterrupted refractory area from lens to slide, the oil immersion lens can produce greater resolution than dry lenses.<\/li>\n<li>You may adjust the contrast on your image in two ways:\n<ul>\n<li><em>Adjust <\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">the\u00a0<\/span>diaphragm <span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">to allow more or less light to illuminate your slide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em>Using <\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">the dimmer switch is typically associated with turning the microscope light on and off.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 1 &#8211; <u>Letter E<\/u><\/h4>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div>\n<ol>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Take a letter &#8220;e&#8221; slide and follow steps 1a through 2e from &#8220;General Rules for Microscope Use&#8221; above. You should be able to see the letter &#8220;e.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">With your naked eye, look at the positioning of the &#8220;e&#8221; on your slide (the specimen). Now look at the &#8220;e&#8221; position through the oculars (the image).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Now let&#8217;s try a demonstration. Using the\u00a0<\/span><em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">mechanical stage adjustment knobs<\/span><\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">, move the slide until half of your letter &#8220;e&#8221; is no longer visible in your\u00a0<\/span><em>field of view<\/em><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">. Change to the low-power objective lens. You may focus at this point, but don&#8217;t move the slide!\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Return to the scanning objective lens and center your &#8220;e&#8221; in your field of view.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Now continue through the abovementioned steps in &#8220;General Rules for Microscope Use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Choose an appropriate magnification for your letter &#8220;e.&#8221; You want your image of the &#8220;e&#8221; to be as large as possible without the magnification so large that parts of the &#8220;e&#8221; disappear from your field of view. You may notice that your &#8220;e&#8221; appears to be a solid black on the lower magnification levels, but on higher magnifications, the &#8220;e&#8221; appears composed of many small printed black dots. The ability of a microscope to separate and distinguish between two dots divided by a small space is known as resolving power.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 2 &#8211; TYPES of BACTERIA<\/h4>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The most powerful lens of the light microscope is the 100x oil immersion objective lens. Because light is refracted every time it passes through a medium with a different refractive index (air to glass or vice versa), the quality of the image is reduced with each passage. Thus, clarity, brilliance, and resolving power are preserved by reducing the number of such passages to a minimum.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Three critical rules attend the use of this lens:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Never use an oil immersion lens without the oil.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Never get oil on any other lens.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Clean up all oil when finished.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">You will need to place the three bacteria types slide on the microscope.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Focus at low power\u00a0(4x); increase magnification to 10x by rotating the turret, and refocus and focus on the 40x objective.<\/li>\n<li>Rotate the turret to 40x objective, and locate the desired portion of the specimen in the center of the field. Refocus very carefully so that the specimen is focused as sharply as possible.\u00a0<em>(Do not alter focus for the following steps<\/em>\u00a0)<\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Move the objective \u00bd way to the 100x objective and STOP!\u00a0<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"ql-indent-1\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Place a drop of immersion oil onto the specimen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"ql-indent-1\"><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Slide the 100x objective through the immersion oil; this prevents the lens from scratching.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Focus\u00a0<\/span>only<span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0with fine focus. Hopefully, the specimen will come into focus quickly. Keep focus the same. If you still have trouble, move the slide slightly left and right, looking for movement in the visual field, and focus on the object which moved.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>NOTE:\u00a0DO NOT USE THE COURSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB!<\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li>Never return to the 10x or 40x objectives<span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"> after applying oil to the specimen since oil can ruin the lower power objectives. (The 4x objective can be used because it is high enough to be above the oil).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">When you are done, remove the slide and clean it. Wipe oil from the slide thoroughly with a Kimwipe. Cleanse stage if any oil has spilled on it. Recap the immersion oil container securely,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Use lens paper to clean the 100x objective \u2013 keep cleaning until the paper no longer becomes transparent or wet looking. Then check the 40x and clean that also- just oil case you got some on it.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h4 class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise 3 &#8211; ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (OPTIONAL)<\/h4>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Using the resources provided by instructor, review the procedures used in preparation and viewing for electron microscopy.<\/p>\n<p>Websites<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/wolfson-bioimaging\/equipment\/electron-microscopy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Detailed procedure for fixing, embedding and staining tissues in electron microscopy<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>CLEAN-UP<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>After the completion of the lab, please turn off the light and unplug the cord.<\/li>\n<li>Clean all glass parts of the microscope (including the objective lenses, oculars and light source) with lens cleaner and lens paper.<\/li>\n<li>Clean the mechanical stage, to remove any water or stain on the stage.<\/li>\n<li>Move the nosepiece until the scanning objective lens is positioned in place.<\/li>\n<li>Neatly coil the power cord and tie it securely with a twist tie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Post-Lab Questions (Lab Report)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Copy and paste these questions in a document and answer them.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Which objective is used to first locate the specimen? Which objective provides the largest field of view?<\/li>\n<li>Describe the orientation of the letter &#8216;e&#8217; on the slide compared to how it appears through the oculars.<\/li>\n<li>Is it possible to tell what order the threads are stacked on the slide (top, middle, bottom)? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<li>What is the total magnification of the specimen under low power? Under high power?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h4><strong>Licenses and Attributions<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\" rel=\"cc:attributionURL\">Biology I Cellular Processes Laboratory Manual<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0The authors &amp; Hillsborough Community College\u00a0is licensed under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"5-182\" hidden><p>A prokaryotic cell does not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Organisms within the domains Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic cell.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"5-183\" hidden><p>Eukaryote cells or organism possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes are located. Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles, including mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), Golgi apparatus (secretory device), endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like system of membranes within the cell), and lysosomes (digestive apparatus).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"5-199\" hidden><p>A compound microscope is used for viewing samples at high magnification (40x - 1000x), which is achieved by the combined effect of two sets of lenses: the ocular lens and the objective lenses. Compound microscope provides a two-dimensional image.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"5-200\" hidden><p>A stereo microscope is a type of optical microscope that allows the user to see a three-dimensional view of a specimen. It is also known as a dissecting microscope or stereo zoom microscope. The stereo microscope have separate objective lenses and eyepieces.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"glossary__tooltip\" id=\"5-202\" hidden><p>The electron microscope uses a beam of electrons to magnify an object's image. With this microscope, high-resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens are obtained. It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, and organelles. Two main types of electron microscopes are \u2013 transmission EM (TEM) and scanning EM (SEM).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-5","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":68,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":806,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/revisions\/806"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/5\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=5"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=5"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.hccfl.edu\/Bio1LabManual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=5"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}